{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:38:03Z","timestamp":1791409083832,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A seizure is a neurological disorder in the brain that is caused by changes in the function of brain neurons. Caffeic acid phenetyl ester (CAPE), as a polyphenol, has antioxidant, anti\u00adinflammatory, and anticancer effects. Since the effects of CAPE on the neurotoxins and neurotoxic medicinal agents have not been widely investigated, this study aimed to investigate the effect of CAPE on the nicotine (NIC)-induced seizures in mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental approach:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-three male mice were divided into five groups of 6-8 as follows: sham group (normal saline), NIC group (5 mg\/kg single dose on day 7), treatment groups (CAPE at 4 and 8 mg\/kg for 7 days), and diazepam group (1 mg\/kg single dose on day 7). At the end, the animals were anesthetized, and mortality, convulsive behavior, total thiol, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), and the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) protein in the brain frontal cortex were measured, and histological studies were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings\/Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment with CAPE decreased the levels of TBARS, TNF-\u03b1, and NO and increased the levels of total thiol, CAT, SOD, GPx, and NF-kB protein expression compared to the NIC group. Seizure behavioral tests and histopathological investigations confirmed these results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and implications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>According to the antioxidant effects of CAPE in various studies, it seems that CAPE can improve seizures by reducing inflammation and inhibiting oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/rps.rps_3_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T06:00:49Z","timestamp":1778479249000},"page":"364-374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects mice against nicotine-induced seizures by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mahdieh Sadat","family":"Badiee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"},{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Vadizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Medical Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrnoosh","family":"Moosavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"},{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fereshtesadat","family":"Fakhredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadi","family":"Kalantar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirous Rafiei","family":"Asl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer, Environmental and Petroleum Pollutants Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Javad","family":"Khodayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"},{"name":"Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106698,1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106698","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and epilepsy","volume":"189","author":"Becchetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"R2-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4103\/RPS.RPS_68_24","article-title":"Oral administration of crocin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles inhibits neuroinflammation in a rat model of epileptic seizures by activating SIRT1 expression","volume":"19","author":"Kakebaraei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"R3-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12295","article-title":"Prevalence of adult epilepsy in a general Japanese population: the Hisayama study","volume":"4","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open."},{"issue":"6","key":"R4-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/practneurol-2019-002341","article-title":"Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide","volume":"21","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pract Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"R5-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-009-0191-7","article-title":"Brain tumors and epilepsy: pathophysiology of peritumoral changes","volume":"32","author":"Shamji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"R6-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14011455","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in refractory epilepsy: evidence in patients and experimental models","volume":"14","author":"C\u00e1rdenas-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"R7-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2012.06.015","article-title":"Hispidulin inhibits the release of glutamate in rat cerebrocortical nerve terminals","volume":"263","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol."},{"key":"R8-20260511","article-title":"Examining the Economic Impact and Implications of Epilepsy 2020","author":"Fahey"},{"issue":"3","key":"R9-20260511","first-page":"368","article-title":"Free radical scavenging and antiepileptic activity of Leucas lanata","volume":"6","author":"Ramalingam","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pharm Res."},{"key":"R10-20260511","first-page":"1","article-title":"Synthesis and biological activities of Schiff bases of gabapentin with different aldehydes and ketones: a structure- activity relationship study","volume":"21","author":"Lingappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Chem Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"R11-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2011.05.013","article-title":"Hydroalcoholic extract of Zizyphus jujuba ameliorates seizures, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in experimental models of epilepsy in rats","volume":"21","author":"Pahuja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"R12-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2012.01.056","article-title":"UPLC-TOF-MS analysis of Galium spurium towards its neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities","volume":"141","author":"Orhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"R13-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2008.04.019","article-title":"The pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy","volume":"172","author":"Curia","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods."},{"issue":"4","key":"R14-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.319579","article-title":"Protective effect of gallic acid on nicotine-induced testicular toxicity in mice","volume":"16","author":"Jalili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci."},{"key":"R15-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108256,1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108256","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction:a brief introduction","volume":"177","author":"Wittenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"R17-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106715,1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.106715","article-title":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: therapeutic targets for novel ligands to treat pain and inflammation","volume":"190","author":"Hone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"R18-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3,1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-023-00329-9","article-title":"Different peripheral expression patterns of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"20","author":"Costantini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Ageing."},{"issue":"3","key":"R19-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.053066","article-title":"GABAergic systems modulate nicotinic receptor-mediated seizures in mice","volume":"306","author":"Dobelis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R20-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2017.09.003","article-title":"Management of acute seizures in children:a review with special consideration of care in resource-limited settings","volume":"7","author":"Ciccone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr J Emerg Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"R21-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2013.04.015","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antiseizure drug activity at GABAA receptors","volume":"22","author":"Greenfield","year":"2013","journal-title":"Seizure."},{"issue":"1","key":"R22-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12451","article-title":"Review: animal models of acquired epilepsy: insights into mechanisms of human epileptogenesis","volume":"44","author":"Becker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"R23-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2011.585963","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE): correlation of structure and antioxidant properties","volume":"62","author":"G\u00f6\u00e7er","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"R24-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(02)00423-5","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity of phenolic phytochemicals from various cultivars of plums","volume":"81","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"R25-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1402-71","article-title":"The protective effect of syringic acid on ischemia injury in rat brain","volume":"45","author":"G\u00fcven","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"R26-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1101","article-title":"Structure- and dose-absorption relationships of coffee polyphenols","volume":"40","author":"Erk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofactors."},{"issue":"4","key":"R27-20260511","first-page":"243","article-title":"Regulatory effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on type I collagen and interferon-gamma in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rat","volume":"8","author":"Larki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci."},{"key":"R28-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196,1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0700-x","article-title":"Effects of Ixeris dentata water extract and caffeic acid on allergic inflammation in vivo and in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Jeon","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"R29-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2006.03.015","article-title":"Cytoprotective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and catechol ring-fluorinated CAPE derivatives against menadione-induced oxidative stress in human endothelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioorg Med Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"R30-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2021.07.004","article-title":"Anti- i nflammatory and analgesic properties of Moroccan medicinal plants: phytochemistry, in vitro and in vivo investigations, mechanism insights, clinical evidences and perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Bouyahya","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal."},{"key":"R31-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.033","article-title":"Caffeic acid attenuates rat liver reperfusion injury through sirtuin 3-dependent regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain","volume":"85","author":"Mu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"R32-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6,1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-018-0039-5","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects against oxidative stress and dampens inflammation via heme oxygenase 1","volume":"11","author":"St\u00e4hli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"R33-20260511","first-page":"304,1","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibits neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress following spinal cord injury by mitigating mitochondrial dysfunction via the SIRT1\/PGC1\u03b1\/DRP1 signaling pathway","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"R34-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-016-1281-z","article-title":"Behavioral and genotoxic evaluation of rosmarinic and caffeic acid in acute seizure models induced by pentylenetetrazole and pilocarpine in mice","volume":"389","author":"Coelho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol."},{"issue":"2","key":"R35-20260511","first-page":"12","article-title":"Preventive effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Matricaria Chamomilla on nicotine-induced convulsions in mice","volume":"6","author":"Arzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bab Uni Med Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"R36-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cj.2017.04.003","article-title":"Interactive effects of drought stress and chitosan application on physiological characteristics and essential oil yield of Thymus daenensis Celak","volume":"5","author":"Emami Bistgani","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Crop J."},{"issue":"8","key":"R37-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2013.821567","article-title":"Toxicity of valproic acid in isolated rat liver mitochondria","volume":"23","author":"Jafarian","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicol Mech Methods."},{"issue":"1","key":"R38-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(78)90081-5","article-title":"Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method","volume":"90","author":"Satoh","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta."},{"issue":"1","key":"R40-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13064-025-00223-8","article-title":"A review of mitochondrial dysfunction, pathophysiology and therapeutic prospects in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"20","author":"Yusuf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discover Neuroscience."},{"issue":"2","key":"R41-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-025-00738-2","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway in epilepsy: unraveling its role in glutamate excitotoxicity, GABAergic dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"43","author":"Kaur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurotox Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"R43-20260511","first-page":"597","article-title":"The effect of Zataria multiflora Boiss hydroalcoholic extract and fractions in pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling in mice","volume":"6","author":"Shamsizadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avicenna J Phytomed."},{"issue":"5","key":"R44-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-020-00143-w","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in epileptogenesis and potential implications for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Borowicz-Reutt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"R45-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/01480545.2021.2016043","article-title":"Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester use and inhibition of p42\/44 MAP kinase signal pathway on caveolin 1 gene expression and antioxidant system in chronic renal failure model of rats","volume":"46","author":"Cigremis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Chem Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"R46-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1232","article-title":"Protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) administration on cisplatin- induced oxidative damage to liver in rat","volume":"24","author":"Iraz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct."},{"issue":"5","key":"R47-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2005.03.005","article-title":"Heat stress, cytokines, and the immune response to exercise","volume":"19","author":"Starkie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"issue":"8","key":"R48-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1189","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a promising component of propolis with a plethora of biological activities: a review on its anti- inflammatory, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects","volume":"65","author":"Tolba","year":"2013","journal-title":"IUBMB Life."},{"issue":"3","key":"R49-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2004.01.013","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in Balb\/c mice","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"R50-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5653","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S338973","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines in moderate swimming test in growing rats model","volume":"14","author":"Al-Hariri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"R51-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(96)12532-5","article-title":"Nitric oxide induces cultured cortical neuron apoptosis","volume":"208","author":"Palluy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"issue":"2","key":"R52-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01644-8","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester enhances bone repair-related factors in MC3T3-E1 cells","volume":"83","author":"Kuramoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Biophys."},{"issue":"1","key":"R53-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-025-01318-y","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester protects renal tubular epithelial cells against ferroptosis in diabetic kidney disease via restoring PINK1-mediated mitophagy","volume":"31","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Med."},{"issue":"16","key":"R54-20260511","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1970","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.16.1970","article-title":"Oxidized LDL upregulates angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression in cultured human coronary artery endothelial cells: the potential role of transcription factor NF-kappaB","volume":"102","author":"Li","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R55-20260511","first-page":"S10","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) prevents development of STZ-ICV induced dementia in rats","volume":"13","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacogn Mag."}],"container-title":["Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/RPS.RPS_3_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:24:45Z","timestamp":1786724685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/RPS.RPS_3_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/rps.rps_3_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1735-5362","1735-9414"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1735-5362","type":"print"},{"value":"1735-9414","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-05","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-15","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}