{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:48:56Z","timestamp":1787071736218,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms of MS. Garlic is a plant whose anti-fatigue effects have been shown. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effectiveness of garlic on fatigue and quality of life in MS patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental approach:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, adult MS patients were randomly divided into two groups: of drug (garlic) group and a placebo. The drug group received 400-mg tablets of garlic extract (equivalent to 1,200 \u03bcg of allicin) twice a day for 4 weeks, while the patients in the placebo group received placebo tablets at the same frequency and duration. Before and after the intervention, scores on a 36-item survey form (SF-36) and fatigue severity scale (FSS) questionnaires were recorded for all patients and compared between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings\/Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Garlic consumption was significantly associated with an increase in energy\/fatigue, pain, general health, and physical health subscales scores at the end of the intervention compared to the placebo group. The scores of FSS were significantly reduced in both groups; however, the change in the drug group was remarkably higher than in the placebo group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and implications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Garlic extract promotes fatigue and improves the quality of life in MS patients. Therefore, garlic can be considered a potential remedy to overcome fatigue and improve the quality of life in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/rps.rps_7_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T13:00:13Z","timestamp":1763211613000},"page":"815-823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effectiveness of garlic (Allium sativum) extract in improving fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS): a randomized single-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Vahid","family":"Shaygannejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"},{"name":"Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Mirmosayyeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasool","family":"Soltani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud Sadeghi","family":"Dinani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohaddeseh","family":"Shfiee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Research Committee, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsaneh","family":"Mohsenzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Research Committee, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"R1-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2012-044","article-title":"Self-management for people with multiple sclerosis: report from the first international consensus conference, November 15, 2010","volume":"15","author":"Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J MS Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"R2-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.236832","article-title":"Computational comparison of two new fusion proteins for multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Payab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R3-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-021-02396-1","article-title":"Prevalence and burden of multiple sclerosis-related fatigue: a systematic literature review","volume":"21","author":"Oliva","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"R4-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00326-4","article-title":"Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: reciprocal relationships with physical disabilities and depression","volume":"53","author":"Schreurs","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R5-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1367-6","article-title":"A multi-site, randomized controlled trial of MS INFoRm, a fatigue self-management website for persons with multiple sclerosis: rationale and study protocol","volume":"19","author":"Finlayson","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"R6-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00600-1","article-title":"Measuring fatigue severity in primary care patients","volume":"54","author":"Hartz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"R7-20251117","first-page":"222","article-title":"Saffron ethanolic extract attenuates oxidative stress, spatial learning, and memory impairments induced by local injection of ethidium bromide","volume":"10","author":"Ghaffari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"R8-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.3109\/00207454.2013.764499","article-title":"Ginseng in the treatment of fatigue in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot study","volume":"123","author":"Etemadifar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"R9-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.explore.2005.10.007","article-title":"The effect of Ginkgo biloba on functional measures in multiple sclerosis: a pilot randomized controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Explore (NY)"},{"issue":"5","key":"R10-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.962","article-title":"Aged garlic extract ameliorates physical fatigue","volume":"29","author":"Morihara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"R11-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1573(199705)11:3<226::AID-PTR85>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Effect of garlic and garlic preparations on physiological and psychological stress in mice","volume":"11","author":"Ushijima","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"R12-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.1048","article-title":"Effects of raw garlic on physical performance and learning behaviour in rats","volume":"16","author":"Sookvanichsilp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R13-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-016-1365-9","article-title":"Allium sativum L. regulates in vitro IL-17 gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"16","author":"Moutia","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"R14-20251117","first-page":"23","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of garlic a review","volume":"3","author":"Mathew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Libyan J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"R15-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.11.1601","article-title":"Validation of the fatigue severity scale in a Swiss cohort","volume":"31","author":"Valko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"5","key":"R16-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1177\/135245850100700508","article-title":"Cardiovascular autonomic dysregulation and fatigue in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Merkelbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"R17-20251117","first-page":"935429","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Persian version of the fatigue severity scale in idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients","volume":"2013","author":"Fereshtehnejad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"R18-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-004-1014-5","article-title":"The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36): translation and validation study of the Iranian version","volume":"14","author":"Montazeri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"R19-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2008.0501","article-title":"Effect of BEMER magnetic field therapy on the level of fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Piatkowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"R20-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6723","article-title":"The effects of garlic (Allium sativum) supplementation on inflammatory biomarkers, fatigue, and clinical symptoms in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Moosavian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R21-20251117","first-page":"115","article-title":"Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) oil on exercise tolerance in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"49","author":"Verma","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"R22-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2018.4294","article-title":"Effects of low temperature-aged garlic on exercise performance and fatigue in mice","volume":"22","author":"Hwang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"issue":"1","key":"R23-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2003.09.008","article-title":"Garlic supplementation increases peripheral blood flow: a role for interleukin-6?","volume":"15","author":"Anim-Nyame","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"4","key":"R24-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.1021\/jf062587s","article-title":"Effect of cooking on garlic (Allium sativum L.) antiplatelet activity and thiosulfinates content","volume":"55","author":"Cavagnaro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"R25-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-011-0216-6","article-title":"Aged garlic extract scavenges superoxide radicals","volume":"66","author":"Morihara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"R26-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2004.04.029","article-title":"Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on lipid peroxidation in experimental myocardial infarction in rats","volume":"94","author":"Saravanan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"R27-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700062","article-title":"Garlic as an anti-fatigue agent","volume":"51","author":"Morihara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"R28-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.065805","article-title":"Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: an example of cytokine mediated sickness behaviour?","volume":"77","author":"Heesen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R29-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401630","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/401630","article-title":"Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds","volume":"2015","author":"Arreola","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"R30-20251117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2018.04.060","article-title":"The effect of a garlic supplement on the pro-inflammatory adipocytokines, resistin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and on pain severity, in overweight or obese women with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"48","author":"Dehghani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"}],"container-title":["Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/RPS.RPS_7_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:52:54Z","timestamp":1787068374000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/RPS.RPS_7_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/rps.rps_7_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1735-5362","1735-9414"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1735-5362","type":"print"},{"value":"1735-9414","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-01-09","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-13","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}