{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:46:05Z","timestamp":1789731965198,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Appropriate fluid management is vital for adequate tissue perfusion and balancing the internal milieu especially in perioperative settings and critically ill children. Pediatric population is heterogeneous so one formula may not suffice and hence both the quantitative and qualitative perspective of fluid management should be based on physiology and pathology of the child along with their perioperative needs. In perioperative setup, the fluid is administered to meet fluid deficits (fasting, and other daily based losses), blood losses and third space losses. Anesthetists have always followed pediatric maintenance fluid calculations based on Holiday and Segar formula; based on studies conducted on healthy children more than 70 years ago. Recently, there has been a lot of debate about this concept, especially as there are serious concerns regarding the development of complications like hyponatremia and hyperglycemia, both of which can result in neurological damage or even mortality in a sick child. This review is an attempt to provide a historical perspective and current evidence-based approach to peri-operative pediatric fluid management. We performed a PUBMED search for articles using keywords including \u2018children\u2019, \u2018intravenous fluid therapy\u2019, \u2018crystalloids\u2019, \u2018colloids\u2019, \u2018fluid homeostasis\u2019, \u2018blood loss\u2019, \u2018estimation of blood loss\u2019, \u2018blood loss management\u2019, \u2018perioperative fluid \u2018 to get our source articles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.sja_140_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T05:56:37Z","timestamp":1630475797000},"page":"435-440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Pediatric perioperative fluid management"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Amit","family":"Mathew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekta","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000727","article-title":"Perioperative fluid management in children: Can we sum it all up now?","volume":"32","author":"S\u00fcmpelmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anesthesiol"},{"key":"R2-13-20240909","first-page":"204","article-title":"Pediatric fluid and electrolyte therapy","volume":"14","author":"Meyers","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R4-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.IJA_493_19","article-title":"Perioperative fluid therapy and intraoperative blood loss in children","volume":"63","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"R5-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.36-4-141","article-title":"Body fluid composition","volume":"36","author":"Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"R6-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.19.5.823","article-title":"The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy","volume":"19","author":"Holliday","year":"1957","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R7-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.1998.00730.x","article-title":"Postoperative hyponatraemic encephalopathy following elective surgery in children","volume":"8","author":"Arieff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"key":"R8-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.13370","article-title":"Consensus statement on clear fluids fasting for elective pediatric general anesthesia","volume":"28","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"R9-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0b013e3283495ba1","article-title":"Perioperative fasting in adults and children: Guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology","volume":"28","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"R11-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197502000-00012","article-title":"Specific therapy in water, electrolyte and blood-volume replacement during pediatric surgery","volume":"42","author":"Furman","year":"1975","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"R12-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.05.015","article-title":"Fluid management decisions should not be guided by fixed central venous pressure targets","volume":"33","author":"Polderman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"R13-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2008.02505.x","article-title":"Perioperative fluid therapy in pediatrics","volume":"18","author":"Murat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Anesth"},{"key":"R14-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.4103\/aer.AER_39_17","article-title":"Glucose for children during surgery: Pros, cons, and protocols: A postgraduate educational review","volume":"11","author":"Datta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth Essays Res"},{"key":"R15-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12439","article-title":"A novel balanced isotonic sodium solution vs normal saline during major surgery in children up to 36 months: A multicenter RCT","volume":"24","author":"Disma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"R16-13-20240909","first-page":"60","article-title":"Infusion fluids: Why should they be balanced solutions?","volume":"12","author":"Zander","year":"2006","journal-title":"EJHP Practice"},{"key":"R17-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/pan.12889","article-title":"Compatibility of common drugs with acetate-containing balanced electrolyte solutions in pediatric anesthesia","volume":"26","author":"Heiderich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"R18-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2000.00458.x","article-title":"Haemodynamic, acid-base and electrolyte changes during plasma replacement with hydroxyethyl starch or crystalloid solution in young pigs","volume":"10","author":"S\u00fcmpelmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth"},{"key":"R19-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0830-z","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130\/0.4 (Voluven) for perioperative volume replacement in children undergoing cardiac surgery: A propensity-matched analysis","volume":"19","author":"Van der Linden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"R21-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050917","article-title":"Use and misuse of albumin infusions in neonatal care","volume":"157","author":"Greenough","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"R22-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310050630","article-title":"Use of albumin in neonatal resuscitation","volume":"156","author":"Roberton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"R23-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2010.07.002","article-title":"Massive transfusion and blood product use in the pediatric trauma patient","volume":"19","author":"Dehmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"R25-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2007.135731","article-title":"Red blood cell transfusions in acute pediatrics","volume":"94","author":"Morley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Educ Pract"},{"key":"R26-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3181b6b3b5","article-title":"Perioperative crystalloid and colloid fluid management in children: Where are we and how did we get here?","volume":"110","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"R27-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61459-8","article-title":"140 mmol\/L of sodium versus 77 mmol\/L of sodium in maintenance intravenous fluid therapy for children in hospital (PIMS): A randomised controlled double-blind trial","volume":"385","author":"McNab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"R29-13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20183083","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3083","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: Maintenance intravenous fluids in children","volume":"142","author":"Feld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sja.sja_140_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:33:38Z","timestamp":1786736018000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sja.sja_140_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sja.sja_140_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["1658-354X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1658-354X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}}}