{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:10:54Z","timestamp":1790892654400,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT is an Artificial intelligence (AI) language model that enhances readability in medical writing. However, the prevalence of ChatGPT-generated articles in English medical literature has not been systematically studied. This research aims to evaluate the frequency of these manuscripts, their adoption across medical subspecialties, and the countries of origin for the publishing companies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The term \u201cdelve\u201d is primarily linked to ChatGPT-generated medical literature. In this observational study, we identified manuscripts as ChatGPT-generated based on this term in the title or abstract. We examined PubMed\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      from December 01, 2022, to May 14, 2024, and applied descriptive statistics as needed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During the study period, 2.193.871 manuscripts were published in Pubmed\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      . The term \u201cdelve\u201d was found in the title and abstract of 1996 scientific manuscripts, suggesting that at least 0.09% of all publications were ChatGPT-generated. At the same time, PubMed\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      hosted 982 journals. We report on those that published at least ten or more CHATGPT-derived manuscripts (top 25). Publishers with the highest number of ChatGPT-generated manuscripts were located in Switzerland (564; 27.6%), followed by the United States (552; 27.0%) and the United Kingdom (430; 21.0%). The Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI: 373; 20.3%) was the top publisher of ChatGPT-driven publications, followed by Elsevier (340; 18.5%) and Frontiers (160; 8.7%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since the introduction of ChatGPT, medical publications are increasingly ChatGPT-supported or generated with an uncertain amount of author auditing and editing. High-frequency publishers were located in first-world countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.sja_526_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:01:29Z","timestamp":1767337289000},"page":"63-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The evolution of ChatGPT-generated text in scientific medical publications"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Fuat H.","family":"Saner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of General, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Alchibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami A.","family":"Kareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kris Ann H.","family":"Marquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasemin M.","family":"Saner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical Center University Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ehab","family":"Abufarhaneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter C.","family":"Broering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitri A.","family":"Raptis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The HeALgroup.AI Collaborative (Appendix)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260421","article-title":"Decoding the Clavien-Dindo classification: Artificial intelligence (AI) as a novel tool to grade postoperative complications","author":"Staubli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"R2-20260421","first-page":"e59662","article-title":"Comparative analysis of artificial intelligence (AI) languages in predicting sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores","volume":"16","author":"Saner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R3-20260421","first-page":"e35179","article-title":"Artificial hallucinations in ChatGPT: Implications in scientific writing","volume":"15","author":"Alkaissi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"R4-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-022-03121-w","article-title":"The future of AI in medicine: A perspective from a chatbot","volume":"51","author":"King","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"R5-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060887","article-title":"ChatGPT utility in healthcare education, research, and practice: Systematic review on the promising perspectives and valid concerns","volume":"11","author":"Sallam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Basel)"},{"key":"R6-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07096-7","article-title":"How could ChatGPT impact my practice as an intensivist? An overview of potential applications, risks and limitations","volume":"49","author":"Komorowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R7-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07008-9","article-title":"Artificially intelligent reflection? Smoke and mirrors and a tale of two perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Abbey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"R8-20260421","article-title":"Delving into ChatGPT usage in academic writing through excess vocabulary","author":"Kobak","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv: 240607016"},{"key":"R9-20260421","article-title":"Are medical studies being written with ChatGPT?","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024"},{"key":"R10-20260421","article-title":"ChatGPT\u201d contamination\u201d: Estimating the prevalence of LLMs in the scholarly literature","author":"Gray","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv: 240316887"},{"key":"R11-20260421","article-title":"Mapping the increasing use of llms in scientific papers","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv: 240401268"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sja.sja_526_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:55:33Z","timestamp":1786647333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sja.sja_526_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sja.sja_526_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1658-354X","0975-3125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1658-354X","type":"print"},{"value":"0975-3125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-28","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-03","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}