{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:29:59Z","timestamp":1787772599189,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A recent name change of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease was primarily driven by potential stigma associated with the terminology. This stigma can be different between patients and healthcare providers and differ according to geographic regions of the world. Our aim was to better understand stigma and disease burden among patients with NAFLD enrolled in the global survey from Saudi Arabia (SA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Members of the Global NASH Council created a 68-item survey about patients\u2019 experience with NAFLD, covering history of stigmatization and discrimination due to the disease, various aspects of the disease burden [(Liver Disease Burden (LDB), 35 items, 7 domains], and perception of various diagnostic terms for NAFLD. Patients whose country of residence was SA were asked to complete the survey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The survey was completed by 804 patients with NAFLD from SA. Of all enrolled patients, 17% ever disclosed having NAFLD\/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to family\/friends. The most commonly used term for the disease was \u201cfatty liver\u201d (96% used it at least sometimes, 79% frequently or always). There were 3.7% who reported experiencing stigma or discrimination (at least sometimes) due to obesity\/overweight versus only 2.7% due to NAFLD. Female patients reported a history of stigmatization or discrimination more frequently than males: 5.9% versus 3.0% due to obesity (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.06) and 5.4% versus 1.8% due to NAFLD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01). There were 43% of patients who reported ever missing or avoiding a visit to a primary care provider due to NAFLD (48% male vs 28% female,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). The greatest social-emotional burden among patients with NAFLD (by LDB) was being or being identified as a person with liver disease (10% agree, 4% male vs 26% female) and feeling like they could not do anything about their liver disease (6.4% agree, 3% male vs 16% female). Regarding how patients perceived diagnostic terms, there were no substantial differences between \u201cfatty liver disease\u201d, \u201cNAFLD\u201d, \u201cNASH\u201d, and \u201cMAFLD\u201d.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Stigmatization in terms of disease burden, disease-related stigma, and perception of various diagnostic terms are rarely observed in patients with NAFLD in SA. In comparison to male patients, female patients with NAFLD reported more commonly a history of stigmatization and discrimination and a significantly greater disease burden. The findings will help inform policymakers to develop programs to increase awareness and provide education about stigma related to NAFLD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjg.sjg_122_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T17:51:24Z","timestamp":1724435484000},"page":"335-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Stigma in steatotic liver disease: A survey of patients from Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Saleh A.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global NASH Council, Washington DC, USA"},{"name":"Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United 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Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatema","family":"Nader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global NASH Council, Washington DC, USA"},{"name":"Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States"},{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Diseases, Washington DC, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Stepanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global NASH Council, Washington DC, USA"},{"name":"Beatty Liver and Obesity Research Program, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA, United States"},{"name":"Center for Outcomes Research in Liver Diseases, Washington DC, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zobair M.","family":"Younossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Global NASH Council, Washington DC, USA"},{"name":"Beatty Liver and 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