{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:04:45Z","timestamp":1787169885445,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at a higher risk of cytomegalovirus (CMV) colitis because of their immunocompromised status. There are no studies from Saudi Arabia regarding the prevalence of CMV colitis in patients with IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of CMV colitis in patients with IBD in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of IBD (aged 14\u201375 years) who were followed up at King Fahad Medical City, a referral care center in Riyadh, between January 2016 and December 2021; patients with indeterminate colitis or incomplete medical records were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 341 patients with IBD were included, of which 236 (72.2%) had Crohn\u2019s disease (CD) and 105 (27.8%) had ulcerative colitis (UC). Qualitative CMV PCR was done for 192 patients (60 UC and 132 CD patients), of which 14 patients were positive for CMV colitis (7.3%), and all positive CMV colitis cases were among UC patients (23.3%). However, the hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) stain and immunohistochemistry were negative for all patients. Most patients with CMV colitis were on steroids (71.4%), had at least one flare-up (64.3%), and were on biologic treatment (71.4%). Significant predictors of CMV colitis were hemoglobin (OR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.51\u20130.96), albumin (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.78\u20130.98), and C-reactive protein (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.06) levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that the prevalence of CMV colitis was 7.3% among patients with IBD, and no case was diagnosed in patients with CD. In addition, as all cases diagnosed using qualitative CMV PCR were negative on H and E stain and immunohistochemistry, there is need for large-scale studies to improve the diagnosis of CMV colitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_175_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T11:06:30Z","timestamp":1698059190000},"page":"305-313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cytomegalovirus Colitis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Tertiary Center Experience"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yazeed","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abed","family":"AlLehibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Almtawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawaf","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saad","family":"Alrajhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel","family":"AlQutub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"AlEid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrhman","family":"Alamr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bashaar Al","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Alahmari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussam","family":"Alhamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shameem","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouad","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Almotawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youssef","family":"Altannir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TP.0000148239.00384.F0","article-title":"Clinical and immunologic aspects of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients","volume":"79","author":"Rowshani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"R2-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa036","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis and cytomegalovirus infection:From A to Z","volume":"14","author":"Mourad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"R3-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00869.x","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus colitis complicating inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"101","author":"Kandiel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R4-20240909","first-page":"103","article-title":"Complement-fixing antibodies against cytomegalovirus in different parts of the world","volume":"49","author":"Krech","year":"1973","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R5-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-017-0586-9","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus colitis in hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients in Taiwan:A referral center study","volume":"17","author":"Weng","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R7-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s1","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318484","article-title":"British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults","volume":"68","author":"Lamb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"R9-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2022.2088244","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of CMV colitis in IBD patients shows high practice variation:A national survey among gastroenterologists","volume":"57","author":"Goetgebuer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R11-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-007-2103-3","article-title":"Clinicopathologic characteristics of clinically relevant cytomegalovirus infection in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"42","author":"Kuwabara","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R12-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200403000-00009","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis:A case-control study","volume":"28","author":"Kambham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"R13-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-43","article-title":"The prevalence and risk factors of cytomegalovirus infection in inflammatory bowel disease in Wuhan, Central China","volume":"10","author":"Yi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"R14-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-008-0639-6","article-title":"Acute cytomegalovirus infection is a risk factor in refractory and complicated inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"54","author":"Maher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R15-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy113","article-title":"ECCO-ESGAR guideline for diagnostic assessment in IBD part 1:Initial diagnosis, monitoring of known IBD, detection of complications","volume":"13","author":"Maaser","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"R16-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.5946\/ce.2013.46.4.317","article-title":"The role of colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Endosc"},{"key":"R17-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000716","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus disease in inflammatory bowel disease:Epidemiology and disease characteristics in a large single-Centre experience","volume":"28","author":"Bont\u00e0J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"R18-20240909","first-page":"342","article-title":"Prevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with ulcerative colitis:A prospective cross-sectional study in Tehran, Iran","volume":"10","author":"Yadegarynia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran J Microbiol"},{"key":"R19-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i1.17","article-title":"Clinical significance of cytomegalovirus infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"19","author":"Garrido","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R20-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.45629-0","article-title":"Infection with cytomegalovirus in patients with inflammatory bowel disease:Prevalence, clinical significance and outcome","volume":"53","author":"Kishore","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R21-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i3.1321","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus in inflammatory bowel disease:A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"R\u00f6mkens","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"R22-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3733-6","article-title":"Relationship between cytomegalovirus infection and steroid resistance in inflammatory bowel disease:A meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"R23-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.49.3657","article-title":"The absence of large ulcer predicts latent cytomegalovirus infection in ulcerative colitis with positive mucosal viral assay","volume":"49","author":"Omiya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"R24-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13124","article-title":"Review article:Cytomegalovirus and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"41","author":"Sager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R25-20240909","first-page":"1620","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus in inflammatory bowel disease:Pathogen or innocent bystander?Inflamm Bowel Dis","volume":"16","author":"Lawlor","year":"2010"},{"key":"R26-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199704150-00005","article-title":"Definition and diagnosis of cytomegalovirus colitis in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"14","author":"Beaugerie","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"key":"R27-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20498","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in ulcerative colitis:A prospective, comparative study on prevalence and diagnostic strategy","volume":"14","author":"Dom\u00e8nech","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"R28-20240909","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2009.03.002","article-title":"The role of CMV in steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis:A systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Ayre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"R29-20240909","first-page":"473","article-title":"Retinal and gastrointestinal disease due to cytomegalovirus in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome:Prevalence, natural history, and response to ganciclovir therapy","volume":"67","author":"Jacobson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Q J Med"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Medicine &amp; Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_175_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:14:29Z","timestamp":1787166869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_175_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_175_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1658-631X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1658-631X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-04-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-08-27","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}