{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T03:40:59Z","timestamp":1792035659580,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Environmental and epidemiological factors increase the risk of dry eye in Saudi Arabia, but most studies have limited generalizability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) among adults across Saudi Arabia and the associated risk factors. The secondary objective was to estimate the economic burden of DED by calculating lubricant usage and its annual costs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study invited adults from across Saudi Arabia to complete a questionnaire that collected data regarding demographics, symptoms related to DED, previous diagnosis of DED, use of contact lenses, and use of eye lubricants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 2042 responses were received, of which 784 (38.4%) respondents had previously been diagnosed with DED and 752 (36.8%) were symptomatic but undiagnosed. Between the DED diagnosed and symptomatic-undiagnosed groups, a significant difference was found in terms of age (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), gender (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002), presence of diabetes mellitus (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004), smoking status (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007), duration of electronic screen use (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.05), number of ocular complaints (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and frequency of lubricants use (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Between the DED-diagnosed and non-DED groups, significant differences were found in terms of age (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), gender (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), presence of diabetes mellitus (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), allergy (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), autoimmune disease (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005), smoking status (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and history of refractive surgery (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). The mean estimated annual cost of using lubricating agents was SAR 328.2 \u00b1 210.3 (USD 87.5 \u00b1 56.1), and this was significantly higher in the diagnosed group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01) than the symptomatic-undiagnosed group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of DED is high among adults in Saudi Arabia. High-risk population include elderly, female, and using electronic screens for &gt;2 hours\/day.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_251_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T06:03:57Z","timestamp":1690610637000},"page":"242-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease among Adults in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Halah Bin","family":"Helayel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Cornea and Anterior Segment Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halla A.","family":"Al Abdulhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Cornea and Anterior Segment Division, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aysha","family":"Aloqab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arwa M.","family":"Althubaity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mujtaba A.","family":"Aljumah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Haris","family":"Mazhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Al","family":"Habash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohanna","family":"Aljindan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi 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