{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:41:55Z","timestamp":1786653715234,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HIV transmission trends and risk factors have not been specifically reported from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report epidemiological trends of HIV\/AIDS in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia over a 10-year period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study included all cases of HIV\/AIDS in the registry of Department of Infectious Diseases of the Public Health Authority in the Eastern Province, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, between January 01, 2014, and December 31, 2023.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1633 new cases of HIV infections were reported in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia between 2014 and 2023. Most patients were males (87.1%), aged 30\u201344 years (49.8%), and Saudis (60.5%). There was a year-on-year increase in the number of cases each year, except in 2016 and 2020. Overall, there was a &gt;2.5-fold increase in the number of cases between 2014 and 2023; there was a 42% increase in the number of cases between 2021 and 2023. The most common source of HIV transmission was heterosexual contact (70.8%). Other modes of transmission, such as injection drug use, homosexual contact, and vertical transmission, were low.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The steady rise in the number of HIV cases reported in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia indicates the need for developing stronger surveillance, testing, and prevention programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_264_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T15:00:47Z","timestamp":1768834847000},"page":"43-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology of HIV in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia: A 10-year Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Abdulrahman Saeed","family":"AbuDahish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chief Executive Officer of the Public Health Authority in the Eastern Region, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Suwareldahab","family":"Sati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Infectious Diseases, Public Health Authority in the Eastern Province, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Hassan A.","family":"Alnasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Bank, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, The High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaffar A.","family":"Al-Tawfiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Specialty Internal Medicine and Quality, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"R2-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e807","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(24)00212-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of HIV\/AIDS, 1990\u20132021, and forecasts to 2050, for 204 countries and territories:the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"11","author":"Carter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"R3-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.06.012","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus in Saudi Arabia:Current and future challenges","volume":"16","author":"Al-Mozaini","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"R4-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2005.100","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS epidemic features and trends in Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Al-Mazrou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"R5-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S270355","article-title":"HIV in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia:Can we change the way we deal with co-infections","volume":"14","author":"Al-Mozaini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"R6-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462420960632","article-title":"Epidemiological features of HIV\/AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa from 1990 to 2017","volume":"32","author":"Shakiba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"R7-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e506","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00093-5","article-title":"Status of the HIV epidemic in key populations in the Middle East and North Africa:Knowns and unknowns","volume":"9","author":"Mumtaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"R9-20260120","first-page":"1559","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus in Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Alrajhi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"R10-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.7020","article-title":"Sexually transmitted infections case notification rates in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2005-2012","volume":"10","author":"Memish","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"R11-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000131344.91536.64","article-title":"Mode of transmission of HIV-1 in Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"Alrajhi","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"R12-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-023-00097-1","article-title":"Progress of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries towards achieving the 95-95-95 UNAIDS targets:A review","volume":"13","author":"Awaidy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"R13-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2020.9.25274","article-title":"The clinical outcome of HIV infection at a tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"41","author":"Baadani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"R14-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.5964","article-title":"Prevalence and behavioral risk factors for STIs\/HIV among attendees of the ministry of health hospitals in Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Filemban","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"R15-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000550","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes of doctors toward people living with HIV\/AIDS in Saudi Arabia","volume":"69","author":"Memish","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"R16-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.6588","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy, CD4, viral load, and disease stage in HIV patients in Saudi Arabia:A 2001-2013 cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Memish","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"R17-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.1998.366","article-title":"Seroepidemiologic prevalence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) among healthy blood donors in Eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"18","author":"Fathalla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"R18-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu373","article-title":"HIV transmission at a Saudi Arabia hemodialysis unit","volume":"59","author":"Mashragi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R19-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.161744","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes about HIV\/AIDS in illegal residents in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Memish","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"R20-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.181210.001","article-title":"Exploring sexual behaviour and associated factors among adolescents in Saudi Arabia:A call to end ignorance","volume":"9","author":"Alsubaie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"R21-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0288838","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288838","article-title":"Assessing the knowledge and attitude towards HIV\/AIDS among the general population and health care professionals in MENA region","volume":"18","author":"Elghazaly","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R22-20260120","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Knowledge and attitudes of paramedical students in Saudi Arabia toward HIV\/AIDS","volume":"26","author":"Al-Mazrou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R23-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii5","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2012-050888","article-title":"Characterising the progress in HIV\/AIDS research in the Middle East and North Africa","volume":"89","author":"Saba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"R24-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955458","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.955458","article-title":"Knowledge of HIV\/AIDS transmission modes and attitudes toward HIV\/AIDS infected people and the level of HIV\/AIDS awareness among the general population in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia:A cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Qashqari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"R25-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607809","DOI":"10.3389\/ijph.2024.1607809","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among premarital screening individuals in Saudi Arabia","volume":"69","author":"Alfadhli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"R26-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2019.10.003","article-title":"Different transmission routes and the risk of advanced HIV disease:A systematic review and network meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"R27-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1159\/000500307","article-title":"Assessing HIV\/AIDS knowledge, awareness, and attitudes among senior high school students in Kuwait","volume":"28","author":"Alhasawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Princ Pract"},{"key":"R28-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-25","article-title":"Epidemiology of the human immunodeficiency virus in Saudi Arabia;18-year surveillance results and prevention from an Islamic perspective","volume":"4","author":"Madani","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R29-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000336","article-title":"Seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 and coinfection with HIV and syphilis:The first national seroprevalence survey in Saudi Arabia","volume":"42","author":"Memish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"R30-20260120","first-page":"293","article-title":"Horizontal versus vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Experience from Southwestern Saudi Arabia","volume":"47","author":"Al-Nozha","year":"1995","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"R31-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6113.1000370","article-title":"HIV-Care outcome in Saudi Arabia;a longitudinal cohort","volume":"5","author":"Al-Mozaini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J AIDS Clin Res"},{"key":"R32-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2022.101067","article-title":"2022 World AIDS Day:Past achievements and future optimism","volume":"51","author":"Al-Tawfiq","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"R33-20260120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01574-5","article-title":"A multiclade env-gag VLP mRNA vaccine elicits tier-2 HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies and reduces the risk of heterologous SHIV infection in macaques","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Medicine &amp; Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_264_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:41:24Z","timestamp":1786650084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_264_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_264_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1658-631X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1658-631X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-27","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-03","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}