{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:34:07Z","timestamp":1787762047884,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical site infections (SSIs), especially when caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, are a major healthcare concern worldwide. For optimal treatment and prevention of antimicrobial resistance, it is important for clinicians to be aware of local drug-resistant bacterial pathogens that cause SSIs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the frequency patterns of drug-resistant bacterial strains causing SSIs at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study was conducted at the Microbiology laboratory of Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, and included wound swab samples from all cases of SSI between January 01, 2017, and December 31, 2021. The swabs were processed for the identification of bacterial strains and their resistance pattern to antibiotics according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 5409 wound swabs were analyzed, of which 3604 samples (66.6%) were from male. Most samples were from the Department of Surgery (43.3%). A total of 14 bacterial strains were isolated, of which 9 were Gram-negative bacteria. The most common isolates were\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , followed by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and vancomycin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (VRSA). In terms of MDR in 2021, the highest rate of carbapenem-resistance was in\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (97%). MDR was as follows:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 97%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 81%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 71%; MRSA, 60%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 33%; VRE, 22%; and VRSA, 2%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study showed that in the city of Makkah, Saudi Arabia, the rates of MDR bacteria are high, with the majority being Gram-negative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_405_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,29]],"date-time":"2023-07-29T06:03:57Z","timestamp":1690610637000},"page":"229-234","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Isolation and Detection of Drug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens in Postoperative Wound Infections at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hamdi M.","family":"Al-Said","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami S.","family":"Ashgar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naif A.","family":"Jalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hani S.","family":"Faidah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman K.","family":"Johargy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aiman M.","family":"Momenah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer A.","family":"Barhameen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumyya H.","family":"Hariri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farkad","family":"Bantun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi 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