{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:58:53Z","timestamp":1785214733546,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at an increased risk of pulmonary complications, including acute chest syndrome, which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the impact of SCD on pulmonary functions using spirometry and to identify an association between the level of hemoglobin S (Hgb S) and spirometry values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study enrolled adult patients with SCD who had undergone spirometry testing at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia between February 2020 to January 2023. Spirometry parameters included forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and their ratio. Abnormal spirometry was subcategorized into obstructive and restrictive patterns. Spirometry was performed according to the American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study included 68 patients with SCD (female: 67.7%). A total of 28 (41.2%) patients had abnormal spirometry, of whom 85.7% had restrictive patterns. No statistically significant correlation was found between Hgb S levels and FVC or FEV1. Baseline characteristics including age, sex, previous medical history of pneumonia or ACS, use of HU, white blood cells, hemoglobin levels and hemoglobin electrophoresis, were not statistically different between those with normal and abnormal spirometry. However, SCD patients with abnormal spirometry had higher platelet counts (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found that higher Hgb S levels were not associated with abnormal spirometry in patients with sickle cell disease. The predominant abnormal spirometry pattern was restrictive, and higher platelet counts is a potential predictor of an abnormal spirometry in patients with sickle cell disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_490_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T20:00:20Z","timestamp":1784664020000},"page":"279-285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spirometry Patterns in Adult Sickle Cell Disease: A Retrospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rayyan M.","family":"Almusally","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghad","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Almubarak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussain","family":"Alyousif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Alelq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abrar","family":"Alwaheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamah","family":"Alsultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abir","family":"Alsaeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hatem","family":"Qutub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Alkhobar, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijin","family":"Wert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jafar","family":"Aljazeeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18010","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.10","article-title":"Sickle cell disease","volume":"4","author":"Kato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R2-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2017.12.001","article-title":"Distribution of hemoglobinopathy disorders in Saudi Arabia based on data from the premarital screening and genetic counseling program, 2011-2015","volume":"7","author":"Alsaeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"R3-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001484","article-title":"Global burden of sickle cell anaemia in children under five, 2010-2050: Modelling based on demographics, excess mortality, and interventions","volume":"10","author":"Piel","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"R4-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4103\/0256-4947.81540","article-title":"Epidemiology of sickle cell disease in Saudi Arabia","volume":"31","author":"Jastaniah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Saudi Med"},{"key":"R5-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89741","article-title":"Intravascular hemolysis and the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease","volume":"127","author":"Kato","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R6-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1202-799","article-title":"Cell-free hemoglobin limits nitric oxide bioavailability in sickle-cell disease","volume":"8","author":"Reiter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R7-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa035477","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension as a risk factor for death in patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"350","author":"Gladwin","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R8-20260728","first-page":"1855","article-title":"National acute chest syndrome study group","volume":"342","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R9-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-01-011072","article-title":"Asthma is associated with acute chest syndrome and pain in children with sickle cell anemia","volume":"108","author":"Boyd","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R10-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2004.029165","article-title":"Asthma in children with sickle cell disease and its association with acute chest syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Knight-Madden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thora\u00d7"},{"key":"R11-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(85)80176-1","article-title":"Acute chest syndrome in sickle cell disease: Etiology and clinical correlates","volume":"107","author":"Poncz","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"R12-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200601-125OC","article-title":"Abnormal pulmonary function in adults with sickle cell anemia","volume":"173","author":"Klings","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R13-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201111-2082CI","article-title":"Pulmonary complications of sickle cell disease","volume":"185","author":"Miller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R14-20260728","first-page":"188","article-title":"Detailed longitudinal evaluation of restrictive\/mixed defects in SCD","volume":"43","author":"Sylvester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R15-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198801000-00005","article-title":"Sickle cell chronic lung disease: Prior morbidity and the risk of pulmonary failure","volume":"67","author":"Powars","year":"1988","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R16-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200708-1219OC","article-title":"Longitudinal decline in lung volume in a population of children with sickle cell disease","volume":"178","author":"MacLean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R17-20260728","first-page":"67","article-title":"Pulmonary function abnormalities in children with sickle cell disease","volume":"59","author":"Sylvester","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"R18-20260728","first-page":"955","article-title":"This study examines the association between asthma and acute chest syndrome in children with SCD","volume":"59","author":"Knight-Madden","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"R19-20260728","first-page":"4197","article-title":"This article covers the improved survival rates in SCD patients and discusses the impact of treatments like hydroxyurea","volume":"105","author":"Quinn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R20-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0b013e32834521dd","article-title":"Hydroxyurea for sickle cell anemia: What have we learned and what questions still remain?","volume":"18","author":"McGann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hematol"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"R21-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.01.010","article-title":"Sickle cell disease and nitric oxide: a paradigm shift?","volume":"38","author":"Mack","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Biochem Cell Biol"},{"key":"R22-20260728","first-page":"31","article-title":"Lung function abnormalities in patients with sickle cell disease in a Nigerian tertiary health centre","volume":"58","author":"Odeyemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alex J Med"},{"key":"R23-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.239343","article-title":"Thromboinflammatory mechanisms in sickle cell disease \u2013 Challenging the hemostatic balance","volume":"105","author":"Conran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"R24-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89012","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089012","article-title":"Endothelial activation by platelets from sickle cell anemia patients","volume":"9","author":"Proen\u00e7a-Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R25-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-12-061697","article-title":"Platelet activation in patients with sickle disease, hemolysis-associated pulmonary hypertension, and nitric oxide scavenging by cell-free hemoglobin","volume":"110","author":"Villagra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"R26-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.4103\/ijccm.IJCCM_49_18","article-title":"The platelet count and its implications in sickle cell disease patients admitted for intensive care","volume":"22","author":"Shome","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R27-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI10726","article-title":"Sickle cell anemia as an inflammatory disease","volume":"106","author":"Platt","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R28-20260728","first-page":"754","article-title":"Pattern of chronic lung lesions in adults with sickle cell disease in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Dosunmu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caspian J Intern Med"},{"key":"R29-20260728","first-page":"1783240","article-title":"Lung function abnormalities in sickle cell anaemia","author":"Dei-Adomakoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Hematol 2019"},{"key":"R30-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4103\/ejb.ejb_62_17","article-title":"Relationship between platelet count, platelet indices, and inflammatory markers in stable and acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis patients","volume":"12","author":"Yigitbas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Egypt J Bronchol"},{"key":"R31-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133116","article-title":"Elevated steady state WBC and platelet counts are associated with frequent emergency room use in adults with sickle cell anemia","volume":"10","author":"Curtis","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R32-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11051400","article-title":"Correlation between platelet count and lung dysfunction in multiple trauma patients-a retrospective cohort analysis","volume":"11","author":"Greve","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R33-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201606-1119LE","article-title":"Effect of hydroxyurea therapy on pulmonary function in children with sickle cell anemia","volume":"195","author":"McLaren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R34-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0283349","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283349","article-title":"Acute chest syndrome, airway inflammation and lung function in sickle cell disease","volume":"18","author":"De","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R35-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-021-01298-7","article-title":"Stable to improved cardiac and pulmonary function in children with high-risk sickle cell disease following haploidentical stem cell transplantation","volume":"56","author":"Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"R36-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23367","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of lung function in children with sickle cell disease: Lung function in SCD children","volume":"51","author":"Lunt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"R37-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.25003","article-title":"Age is a predictor of a small decrease in lung function in children with sickle cell anemia","volume":"93","author":"Willen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"R38-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2019.12.012","article-title":"Asthma, allergic sensitization and lung function in sickle cell disease","volume":"48","author":"Angel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)"},{"key":"R39-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12051124","article-title":"Pulmonary function in sickle cell disease with or without acute chest syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Santoli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R40-20260728","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-05822011000100014","article-title":"Funci\u00f3n pulmonar en portadores de anemia falciforme","volume":"29","author":"FonsecaI CSV; Ara\u00fajo-Melo CA; de Carvalho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Medicine &amp; Medical Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_490_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:02:03Z","timestamp":1785211323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_490_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjmms.sjmms_490_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1658-631X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1658-631X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-24","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-22","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}