{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:30:40Z","timestamp":1787761840793,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder with elevated intracranial pressure more than 250 mm H2O, without evidence of meningeal inflammation, space-occupying lesion, or venous thrombosis. In this study, we aim to study the clinical profile, evaluation, management, and visual outcome in a hospital-based population of IIH cases in Jeddah.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective observational cohort study that included the medical records of all patients referred to neuro-ophthalmology service for evaluation of papilledema. The medical records have been reviewed from October 2018 to February 2020 at Jeddah Eye Hospital, Saudi Arabia. A total of 51 patients presented with papilledema in the studied period. Forty-seven patients met our inclusion criteria and were included in the study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study found that the incidence rate of IIH is 16:100 of the referred cases to the neuro-ophthalmology clinic. Most of the patients were females (41, 91.2%), with a mean age of presentation of 32 \u00b1 11 years. The most common presenting symptom was headache (40 patients, 88.8%), followed by transient visual obscuration (TVO) (20 patients, 44.4%), and reduced visual acuity (15 patients, 33.3%). All 45 patients were started on medical treatment with oral acetazolamide with four patients (8.8%) shifted to topiramate because of the lack of response or intolerance to acetazolamide while four patients (8.8%) underwent lumbar-peritoneal shunt because of inadequate control of the disease despite the treatment with medical therapy. For both eyes, the change in visual acuity across all assessment points was statistically significant. Nevertheless, there were no significant changes in the visual field findings among all of the compared assessment points.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study has shown that IIH-related papilledema is common in young female patients with headaches, TVOs, and reduced visual acuity. Those are the most common symptoms in our IIH population. Medical treatment and monitoring of IIH is efficient and should be considered to enhance the prognosis of IIH-related complications. In addition, the visual acuity and the visual field should be frequently monitored for these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_173_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T06:11:51Z","timestamp":1678342311000},"page":"25-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Visual outcomes of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in a neuro-ophthalmology clinic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Rahaf","family":"Mandura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dareen","family":"Khawjah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abeer","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nawal","family":"Arishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2010.03.003","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Wall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"R2-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193710000-00002","article-title":"Intracranial pressure without brain tumor: Diagnosis and treatment","volume":"106","author":"Dandy","year":"1937","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"R3-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01172.x","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"121","author":"Dhungana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R4-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2004.05.009","article-title":"Clinical characterization of idiopathic intracranial hypertension at the Detroit medical center","volume":"223","author":"Galvin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R5-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.78044","article-title":"Long-term visual outcome in idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Baheti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"R6-6-20240830","first-page":"155","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. A prospective study of 50 patients","volume":"114","author":"Wall","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R7-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a55f17","article-title":"Revised diagnostic criteria for the pseudotumor cerebri syndrome in adults and children","volume":"81","author":"Friedman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R8-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.9.1655","article-title":"Effects of surgically induced weight loss on idiopathic intracranial hypertension in morbid obesity","volume":"45","author":"Sugerman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R9-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.4.1094","article-title":"Effects of weight loss on the course of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in women","volume":"50","author":"Kupersmith","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R10-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3312","article-title":"Effect of acetazolamide on visual function in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and mild visual loss: The idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial","volume":"311","author":"Wall","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R11-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00487.x","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Dubai: Nature and prognosis","volume":"112","author":"Mezaal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"R12-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4103\/1596-3519.87051","article-title":"Prognosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Alkali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"R13-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2012.08.008","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of the pseudotumor cerebri in children: Etiological, clinical features, treatment and prognosis","volume":"35","author":"Per","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"R14-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540010072020","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri). Descriptive epidemiology in Rochester, Minn, 1976 to 1990","volume":"50","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R15-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e0f838","article-title":"Atypical idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Normal BMI and older patients","volume":"74","author":"Bruce","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R16-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2006.12.040","article-title":"Profiles of obesity, weight gain, and quality of life in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri)","volume":"143","author":"Daniels","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2011-302029","article-title":"Update on the pathophysiology and management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"83","author":"Biousse","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R18-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00672","article-title":"Demographics, clinical characteristics, and management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in Kuwait: A single-center experience","volume":"11","author":"Al-Hashel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R19-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1988.00520320065016","article-title":"The incidence of pseudotumor cerebri. Population studies in Iowa and Louisiana","volume":"45","author":"Durcan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R20-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000333254.84120.f5","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in men","volume":"72","author":"Bruce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R21-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200103000-00004","article-title":"Do men with pseudomotor cerebri share the same characteristics as women? A retrospective review of 141 cases","volume":"21","author":"Kesler","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073819895179","article-title":"Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome: From childhood to adulthood risk factors and clinical presentation","volume":"35","author":"Mahajnah","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"R23-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000251312.19452.ec","article-title":"Fulminant idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"68","author":"Thambisetty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R24-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00386-9","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in prepubertal pediatric patients: Characteristics, treatment, and outcome","volume":"127","author":"Cinciripini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R25-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1986.00520090038013","article-title":"Endocrine studies in patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Estrogen levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"43","author":"Soelberg S\u00f8rensen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R26-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350271","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid estrone in pseudotumor cerebri: A change in cerebral steroid hormone metabolism?","volume":"14","author":"Toscano","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"R27-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.44.8.731","article-title":"Absence of significant endocrine deficiencies in benign intracranial hypertension","volume":"44","author":"Reid","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R28-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.45.8.734","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid oestrone in pseudotumour cerebri","volume":"45","author":"Donaldson","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R29-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.09.014","article-title":"A population-based, case-control evaluation of the association between hormonal contraceptives and idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"197","author":"Kilgore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R30-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-018-3772-9","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the British population with obesity","volume":"161","author":"Ardissino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien"},{"key":"R31-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20152091","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2091","article-title":"Presumed pseudotumor cerebri syndrome after withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids","volume":"137","author":"Kwon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R32-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0608","article-title":"Adrenal suppression in patients taking inhaled glucocorticoids is highly prevalent and management can be guided by morning cortisol","volume":"173","author":"Woods","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"R33-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1990.1006331.x","article-title":"The headache profile of idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"10","author":"Wall","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"R34-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.8.3.397","article-title":"Pseudotumor cerebri presenting as headache","volume":"8","author":"Friedman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"R35-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200503000-00006","article-title":"Pulsatile tinnitus and spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea: Indicators of benign intracranial hypertension syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Rudnick","year":"2005","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"R36-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1982.00510200003001","article-title":"Visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri. Follow-up of 57 patients from five to 41 years and a profile of 14 patients with permanent severe visual loss","volume":"39","author":"Corbett","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"R37-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.2_Part_1.239","article-title":"Symptoms and disease associations in idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): A case-control study","volume":"41","author":"Giuseffi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R38-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-012-0207-4","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri): Recognition, treatment, and ongoing management","volume":"15","author":"Thurtell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"R39-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2008.01324.x","article-title":"A comparison of idiopathic intracranial hypertension with and without papilledema","volume":"49","author":"Digre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"R40-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000205","article-title":"Asymmetric papilledema in idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"35","author":"Bidot","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"R41-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000322","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of acetazolamide in the idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment trial","volume":"36","author":"ten Hove","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"R42-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317440","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Consensus guidelines on management","volume":"89","author":"Mollan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R43-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.57.11.1426","article-title":"Optic nerve sheath decompression for the treatment of visual failure in chronic raised intracranial pressure","volume":"57","author":"Acheson","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R44-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1159\/000435919","article-title":"Idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the Northwest of Northern Ireland: Epidemiology and clinical management","volume":"45","author":"McCluskey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"R45-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000000106","article-title":"Ventriculoperitoneal shunt as a treatment of visual loss in idiopathic intracranial hypertension","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"R46-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000163094.23923.E5","article-title":"Rapidly rising incidence of cerebrospinal fluid shunting procedures for idiopathic intracranial hypertension in the United States, 1988-2002","volume":"57","author":"Curry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"R47-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2013196","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.13196","article-title":"Assessment of placebo response in objective and subjective outcome measures in rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials","volume":"3","author":"Vollert","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"R48-6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01087.x","article-title":"Subjective response and attitudes toward antipsychotic drug therapy during the initial treatment period: A prospective follow-up study in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"116","author":"Hofer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_173_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:08:43Z","timestamp":1787760523000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_173_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_173_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-4534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-4534","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}}}