{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T12:19:33Z","timestamp":1788178773812,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) represents an indispensable imaging modality for the precise evaluation and management of posterior uveitis by allowing to explore the choroidal compartment. ICGA leverages near-infrared fluorescence and extensive protein binding to provide an unhindered, dynamic assessment of the choriocapillaris and choroidal stroma. This review explores the principles, standard protocols, and clinical applications of ICGA in posterior uveitis. It details ICGA\u2019s critical role in classifying and diagnosing primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathies, like multiple evanescent white dot syndrome or serpiginous-like choroiditis, and stromal choroiditis, including Vogt\u2013Koyanagi\u2013Harada disease, birdshot chorioretinitis, and sarcoidosis. Furthermore, its utility in infectious uveitis, such as presumed intraocular tuberculosis and syphilitic chorioretinitis, is discussed. ICGA uniquely reveals subclinical choroidal lesions, such as hypofluorescent dark dots and geographic nonperfusion, which frequently exceed clinical or fluorescein angiography findings. By mapping the true extent of choroidal inflammatory activity, ICGA decisively guides the initiation and escalation or safe tapering of systemic corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapies. Despite emerging noninvasive alternatives, ICGA cannot be fully replaced; it must be integrated into a multimodal imaging approach to optimize long-term visual outcomes and prevent irreversible structural damage in patients with complex chorioretinal inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_225_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T06:00:19Z","timestamp":1788156019000},"page":"199-228","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Indocyanine green angiography in uveitis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"De Simone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Immunology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Byszewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Military Institute of Medicine, National Research Institute, Szaser\u00f3w, Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman F.","family":"Albloushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Genovese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Campus Bio-Medico University Hospital Foundation, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Papasavvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal and Inflammatory Eye Diseases, Centre for Ophthalmic Specialised Care, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Uveitis, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl P. Jr","family":"Herbort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retinal and Inflammatory Eye Diseases, Centre for Ophthalmic Specialised Care, Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199212030-00003","article-title":"Digital indocyanine green videoangiography and choroidal neovascularization","volume":"12","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"1992","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R2-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-199306000-00002","article-title":"The status of indocyanine-green videoangiography","volume":"4","author":"Guyer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.24.1.82","article-title":"A method of photographing fluorescence in circulating blood in the human retina","volume":"24","author":"Novotny","year":"1961","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"R4-20260831","first-page":"456","article-title":"Indocyanine green video-angiographic findings in Harada's disease","volume":"37","author":"Yuzawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20260831","first-page":"852","article-title":"Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography in Harada disease","volume":"98","author":"Matsunaga","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"R6-20260831","first-page":"618","article-title":"A case of multifocal choroiditis associated with progressive subretinal fibrosis","volume":"99","author":"Yamane","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi"},{"key":"R7-20260831","first-page":"73","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography in cases of inflammatory chorioretinopathy","volume":"257","author":"Van Liefferinge","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol"},{"key":"R8-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)93024-X","article-title":"Schematic interpretation of indocyanine green angiography in posterior uveitis using a standard angiographic protocol","volume":"105","author":"Herbort","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R9-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2011.01.043","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography: A perspective on use in the clinical setting","volume":"151","author":"Yannuzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31820a69db","article-title":"Is indocyanine green angiography still relevant?","volume":"31","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R11-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182618d43","article-title":"Is ICGA still relevant in inflammatory eye disorders? Why this question has to be dealt with separately from other eye conditions","volume":"32","author":"Herbort","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R12-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-008-9263-x","article-title":"Scoring of dual fluorescein and ICG inflammatory angiographic signs for the grading of posterior segment inflammation (dual fluorescein and ICG angiographic scoring system for uveitis)","volume":"30","author":"Tugal-Tutkun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11060939","article-title":"Classification of non-infectious and\/or immune mediated choroiditis: A brief overview of the essentials","volume":"11","author":"Herbort","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"R15-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.18882700703","article-title":"On luminescence","volume":"34","author":"Wiedemann","year":"1888","journal-title":"Ann Phys Chem"},{"key":"R16-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-122-31299","article-title":"Binding of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) sodium and indocyanine green (ICG) by plasma alpha-1 lipoproteins","volume":"122","author":"Baker","year":"1966","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"R17-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199212030-00002","article-title":"Choroidal angiography today and tomorrow","volume":"12","author":"Flower","year":"1992","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R18-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.58419","article-title":"Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography for uveitis","volume":"16","author":"Herbort","year":"2009","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R19-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58020165","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of primary inflammatory choriocapillaropathies (PICCPs): A comprehensive overview","volume":"58","author":"Papasavvas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"R20-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14319","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.14319","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced metabolic stress in retinal pigment epithelial cells is sufficient to induce photoreceptor degeneration","volume":"5","author":"Kurihara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"R21-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-016-0015-2","article-title":"Polarization conversion when focusing cylindrically polarized vortex beams","volume":"6","author":"Porfirev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R22-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00279-7","article-title":"Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS): update on practical appraisal, diagnosis and clinicopathology; a review and an alternative comprehensive perspective","volume":"11","author":"Papasavvas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"R23-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_215_25","article-title":"Opposing pathophysiological concepts in multiple evanescent white dot syndrome: The great MEWDS schism","volume":"39","author":"Herbort","year":"2025","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R24-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1968.00980050179005","article-title":"Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy","volume":"80","author":"Gass","year":"1968","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R25-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.56.12.863","article-title":"Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Pigment epitheliopathy of choriocapillaritis?","volume":"56","author":"Deutman","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R26-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00127644","article-title":"Acute multifocal ischaemic choroidopathy and the choriocapillaris","volume":"6","author":"Deutman","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R27-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2026.2631087","article-title":"Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy spectrum on multimodal imaging: A severity-driven ischemic continuum","volume":"34","author":"De Simone","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R28-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58081070","article-title":"Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE): A comprehensive approach and case series: Systemic corticosteroid therapy is necessary in a large proportion of cases","volume":"58","author":"Papasavvas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"R29-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-021-00278-8","article-title":"Idiopathic multifocal choroiditis (MFC): Aggressive and prolonged therapy with multiple immunosuppressive agents is needed to halt the progression of active disease. An offbeat review and a case series","volume":"12","author":"Papasavvas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"R30-20260831","first-page":"931","article-title":"Relentless placoid chorioretinitis: A new entity or an unusual variant of serpiginous chorioretinitis?","volume":"118","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R31-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3109\/09273940903402637","article-title":"Clinical profile, treatment, and visual outcome of ampiginous choroiditis","volume":"18","author":"Jyotirmay","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R32-20260831","first-page":"67","article-title":"A case of overlapping choriocapillaritis syndromes: Multimodal imaging appraisal","volume":"7","author":"Kuznetcova","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"R33-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-013-9801-z","article-title":"Successful treatment of an overlapping choriocapillaritis between multifocal choroiditis and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) with adalimumab (Humira\u2122)","volume":"34","author":"Neri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R34-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200206000-00010","article-title":"Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome in patients with multifocal choroiditis","volume":"22","author":"Bryan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R35-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.270","article-title":"Replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"132","author":"Nazari","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R36-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0078824","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00788-24","article-title":"Mycobacterium dormancy and antibiotic tolerance within the retinal pigment epithelium of ocular tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"R37-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2019.03.002","article-title":"Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy: An infectious or autoimmune disease?","volume":"14","author":"Ormaechea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"R38-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/IIO.0b013e318265d48b","article-title":"Use of indocyanine green angiography in uveitis","volume":"52","author":"Herbort","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol Clin"},{"key":"R39-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199313040-00009","article-title":"Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy: An indocyanine green angiographic study","volume":"13","author":"Dhaliwal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R40-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-018-0159-2","article-title":"Swept-source OCT in patients with multiple evanescent white dot syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"R41-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.12.030","article-title":"New insights into imaging patterns of autoimmune retinopathies: A cluster-based update","volume":"284","author":"De Simone","year":"2026","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R42-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2013.4056","article-title":"Paracentral acute middle maculopathy: A new variant of acute macular neuroretinopathy associated with retinal capillary ischemia","volume":"131","author":"Sarraf","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R43-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12092179","article-title":"Diagnosis, mechanisms, and differentiation of inflammatory diseases of the outer retina: Photoreceptoritis versus choriocapillaritis; a multimodal imaging perspective","volume":"12","author":"Papasavvas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"R44-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00428-0","article-title":"The contribution of indocyanine green angiography to the appraisal and management of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"108","author":"Bouchenaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R45-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-016-0429-8","article-title":"Birdshot chorioretinopathy: Current knowledge and new concepts in pathophysiology, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Minos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"R46-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0158-4","article-title":"Pachychoroid disease","volume":"33","author":"Cheung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R47-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.12.025","article-title":"Retinal fluorescein, indocyanine green angiography, and optic coherence tomography in non-Hodgkin primary intraocular lymphoma","volume":"147","author":"Fardeau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R48-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.04.005","article-title":"The application of optical coherence tomography angiography in uveitis and inflammatory eye diseases","volume":"59","author":"Pichi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R49-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"64","author":"Spaide","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res"},{"key":"R50-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7323","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.12.7323","article-title":"Tyrosinase family proteins are antigens specific to Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"165","author":"Yamaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R51-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2000.0893","article-title":"Ocular and extraocular inflammation induced by immunization of tyrosinase related protein 1 and 2 in Lewis rats","volume":"71","author":"Yamaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"R52-20260831","first-page":"2004","article-title":"Identification of autoreactive T cells in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"42","author":"Gocho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R53-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)00925-4","article-title":"Revised diagnostic criteria for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: Report of an international committee on nomenclature","volume":"131","author":"Read","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R54-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/02713680802233968","article-title":"Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Fang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"R55-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e486","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12127","article-title":"Prognostic factors for clinical outcomes in patients with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease treated with high-dose corticosteroids","volume":"91","author":"Abu El-Asrar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R56-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15254","article-title":"Therapeutic window of opportunity in the acute uveitic phase of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: Prevention of late autoimmune complications by early intervention","volume":"101","author":"Abu El-Asrar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R57-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-008-9288-1","article-title":"Suboptimal therapy controls clinically apparent disease but not subclinical progression of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"30","author":"Kawaguchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R58-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-006-9029-2","article-title":"Pathology of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"27","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R59-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6702342","article-title":"Expression of chemokines and gelatinase B in sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"21","author":"Abu El-Asrar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R60-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01989-6","article-title":"Initial-onset acute uveitis associated with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease presenting with unilateral exudative retinal detachment despite bilateral choroidal involvement","volume":"41","author":"AlBloushi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R61-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-007-9060-y","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: Angiographic signs and utility in patient follow-up","volume":"27","author":"Herbort","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R62-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2007.10.012","article-title":"Concomitant choroidal inflammation during anterior segment recurrence in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"145","author":"Bacsal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R63-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2012-302538","article-title":"The outcomes of indocyanine green angiography monitored immunotherapy in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"97","author":"Chee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R64-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-010-0853-6","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography findings in initial acute pretreatment Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease in Japanese patients","volume":"54","author":"Miyanaga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R65-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-006-9024-7","article-title":"Retinal fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography in successive stages of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"27","author":"Fardeau","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R66-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12974","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiographic findings in initial-onset acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"94","author":"Abouammoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R67-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e679","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.16613","article-title":"Prognostic value of pretreatment indocyanine green angiography in the acute uveitic phase of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"102","author":"Tobaigy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R68-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90067-2","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiographic features in ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"106","author":"Wolfensberger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R69-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(98)00325-0","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiographic features in tuberculous chorioretinitis","volume":"127","author":"Wolfensberger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R70-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.06.029","article-title":"The prognostic value of angiography in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease","volume":"150","author":"Chee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R71-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.07.040","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome in Chinese patients","volume":"114","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R72-20260831","first-page":"81","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia: A comparative fluorographic and electron microscopic study","volume":"15","author":"Segawa","year":"1971","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R74-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170050134","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiographic findings in sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"236","author":"Bernasconi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R75-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.10.1568","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia and indocyanine green angiography","volume":"122","author":"Saatci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R76-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27492008000600025","article-title":"Sympathetic ophthalmia \u2013 Histopathological correlation with fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography: Case report","volume":"71","author":"Casella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"R77-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3928\/1542-8877-20050301-16","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography findings in sympathetic ophthalmia","volume":"36","author":"Moshfeghi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging"},{"key":"R78-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2005.08.004","article-title":"Birdshot chorioretinopathy","volume":"50","author":"Shah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R79-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-812827","article-title":"Differential inflammatory involvement in retina and choro\u00efd in birdshot chorioretinopathy","volume":"221","author":"Herbort","year":"2004","journal-title":"Klin Monbl Augenheilkd"},{"key":"R80-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2026.2653804","article-title":"Ultra-widefield indocyanine green angiography in uveitis","volume":"34","author":"De Simone","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R81-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-015-0046-x","article-title":"New concepts in the appraisal and management of birdshot retinochoroiditis, a global perspective","volume":"35","author":"Papadia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R82-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-024-00406-0","article-title":"Retinal vasculitis in HLA-A29 birdshot retinochoroiditis, particularities and imaging narrative of an under-estimated and diagnostic component of the disease","volume":"14","author":"Galand","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect"},{"key":"R83-20260831","first-page":"423","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography in ocular inflammatory diseases: Principles, schematic interpretation, semiology and clinical value","volume":"24","author":"Herbort","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"R84-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-313356","article-title":"Revised criteria of international workshop on ocular sarcoidosis (IWOS) for the diagnosis of ocular sarcoidosis","volume":"103","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R85-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2007.08.015","article-title":"Intraocular tuberculosis-an update","volume":"52","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R87-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198006263022603","article-title":"Tuberculosis in the 1980s","volume":"302","author":"Glassroth","year":"1980","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R88-20260831","first-page":"253","article-title":"The spectrum of extrapulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"126","author":"Baydur","year":"1977","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"R89-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.63","article-title":"Intraocular tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Rosen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R90-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(93)90076-J","article-title":"Ocular tuberculosis","volume":"38","author":"Helm","year":"1993","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R91-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(01)00693-5","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of tuberculosis","volume":"108","author":"Sheu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R92-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.2.130","article-title":"New diagnostic approach for ocular tuberculosis by ELISA using the cord factor as antigen","volume":"85","author":"Sakai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R93-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1995.01100110052025","article-title":"Imaging of chorioretinal anastomoses in vascularized retinal pigment epithelium detachments","volume":"113","author":"Kuhn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R94-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90403-7","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography in birdshot chorioretinopathy","volume":"106","author":"Fardeau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R95-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(98)96008-0","article-title":"Histologic localization of indocyanine green dye in aging primate and human ocular tissues with clinical angiographic correlation","volume":"105","author":"Chang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R96-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-12-40","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography findings in patients with long-standing Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: A cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"da Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R97-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-322X.200157","article-title":"Contribution of dual fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography to the appraisal of presumed tuberculous chorioretinitis in a non-endemic area","volume":"12","author":"Massy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"R98-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-011-9508-y","article-title":"Tuberculosis-related choriocapillaritis (multifocal-serpiginous choroiditis): Follow-up and precise monitoring of therapy by indocyanine green angiography","volume":"32","author":"De Luigi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R99-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2010.530872","article-title":"Unilateral papillitis, the tip of the iceberg of bilateral ICGA-detected tuberculous choroiditis","volume":"19","author":"Papadia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R100-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e550","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12150","article-title":"Secondary choriocapillaritis in infectious chorioretinitis","volume":"91","author":"Knecht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R101-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.83.6.753","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography in choroidal tuberculomas","volume":"83","author":"Milea","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R102-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01144-y","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiographic findings in presumed intraocular tuberculosis","volume":"35","author":"Abouammoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R103-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2025.2514987","article-title":"Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome as epiphenomenon of infectious chorioretinopathies","volume":"33","author":"De Simone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R104-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000099","article-title":"Ocular syphilis","volume":"25","author":"Davis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R105-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31825f3851","article-title":"Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis: report of a case series and comprehensive review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Eandi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R106-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3182993f11","article-title":"Spectral domain optical coherence tomography findings in patients with acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinopathy","volume":"34","author":"Pichi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R107-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-200502000-00010","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography anomalies in ocular syphilis","volume":"25","author":"Mora","year":"2005","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R108-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(90)32418-1","article-title":"Acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis","volume":"97","author":"Gass","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R109-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.02.008","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography features in acute syphilitic posterior placoid chorioretinitis","volume":"241","author":"Villaret","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R110-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)71008-6","article-title":"Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: New insights provided by indocyanine green angiography","volume":"123","author":"Auer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R111-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/00006982-199901000-00004","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography features in toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis","volume":"19","author":"Auer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"R112-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3109\/09273949709116896","article-title":"Recurrent toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Significance of perilesional satellite dark dots seen by indocyanine green angiography","volume":"5","author":"Bernasconi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R113-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1007\/s004170050108","article-title":"Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis: Resolution without treatment of the perilesional satellite dark dots seen by indocyanine green angiography","volume":"236","author":"Guex-Crosier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R114-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13470","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography in uveitis: A review","volume":"47","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R115-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3616","article-title":"Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"133","author":"Spaide","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R116-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3632","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133632","article-title":"Treatment and prognosis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: Real-life experience in long-term follow-up","volume":"11","author":"Accorinti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R117-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2023.100406","article-title":"Value and significance of hypofluorescent lesions seen on late-phase indocyanine green angiography","volume":"4","author":"Gaudric","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Sci"},{"key":"R118-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1072-0","article-title":"Advances and potential new developments in imaging techniques for posterior uveitis part 2: Invasive imaging methods","volume":"35","author":"Herbort","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R119-20260831","first-page":"5321","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) for the detection of disease progression or recurrence in uveitis","volume":"55","author":"Tucker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R120-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1097\/APO.0000000000000307","article-title":"Imaging the choroid: From indocyanine green angiography to optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"9","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila)"},{"key":"R121-20260831","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4274\/tjo.galenos.2023.89735","article-title":"Indocyanine green angiography","volume":"54","author":"Geli\u015fken","year":"2024","journal-title":"Turk J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_225_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T12:02:24Z","timestamp":1788177744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_225_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":118,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_225_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-4534","2542-6680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-4534","type":"print"},{"value":"2542-6680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-12","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-14","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}