{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T08:22:20Z","timestamp":1787818940124,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Beh\u00e7et\u2019s uveitis (BU) is a significant form of major organ involvement in Beh\u00e7et syndrome and is associated with considerable morbidity. Ocular examination is crucial for diagnosing BS and detecting vitreous cells, even in asymptomatic patients. The primary goals in managing BU are to rapidly suppress ocular inflammation and prevent relapses. Initial treatment for posterior segment involvement in BU typically involves immunosuppressive agents combined with glucocorticoids. Biologic agents are increasingly used in BU management, including as first-line treatments for patients with poor prognostic risk factors or sight-threatening uveitis. There is no established consensus on when to discontinue or taper immunosuppressive therapy. Once remission is achieved, the absence of retinal vasculitis should be confirmed with fluorescein angiography, which should be utilized throughout the process of tapering immunosuppressive therapy. In addition to monoclonal tumor necrosis factor-alpha antagonists and tocilizumab, Janus kinase inhibitors may offer the potential for managing BU in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_228_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T03:00:49Z","timestamp":1739242849000},"page":"47-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Beh\u00e7et syndrome with eye involvement"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Didar","family":"Ucar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Cerrahpa\u015fa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Disease Research Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinem N.","family":"Esatoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beh\u00e7et\u2019s Disease Research Center, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Istanbul, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Cerrahpa\u015fa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpa\u015fa, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02629-6","article-title":"Behcet's syndrome","volume":"403","author":"Emmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R2-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S93681","article-title":"Beh\u00e7et's syndrome:Providing integrated care","volume":"10","author":"Esatoglu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"R3-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.42.5.505","article-title":"The arthritis of Beh\u00e7et's disease:A prospective study","volume":"42","author":"Yurdakul","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R4-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-023-01124-7","article-title":"Disease and treatment-specific complications of Beh\u00e7et syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Esatoglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"R5-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.82399","article-title":"The oral and skin pathergy test","volume":"77","author":"Sequeira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"R6-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-03117-3","article-title":"The diagnostic role of pathergy test in patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease from the Western Europe","volume":"18","author":"Vitale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"R7-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200301000-00006","article-title":"The long-term mortality and morbidity of Beh\u00e7et syndrome:A 2-decade outcome survey of 387 patients followed at a dedicated center","volume":"82","author":"Kural-Seyahi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"R8-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-010-1430-6","article-title":"Behcet's disease:From East to West","volume":"29","author":"Davatchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R9-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213225","article-title":"2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Hatemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R10-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.43.6.783","article-title":"Influence of age of onset and patient's sex on the prevalence and severity of manifestations of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Yazici","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R11-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-014-8425-z","article-title":"Ocular involvement of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome:A comprehensive review","volume":"49","author":"Ozyazgan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"R12-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.58425","article-title":"Beh\u00e7et's uveitis","volume":"16","author":"Tugal-Tutkun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.03.022","article-title":"Uveitis in Beh\u00e7et disease:An analysis of 880 patients","volume":"138","author":"Tugal-Tutkun","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2007.04.056","article-title":"Clinical features of Chinese patients with Beh\u00e7et's disease","volume":"115","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R15-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2016.1205100","article-title":"Review for diagnostics of the year:Multimodal imaging in Beh\u00e7et uveitis","volume":"25","author":"Tugal-Tutkun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R16-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2019.1612452","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography findings in active and inactive ocular Beh\u00e7et disease","volume":"28","author":"Accorinti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R17-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180723","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2180723","article-title":"Assessment of vascular change using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography:A new theory explains central visual loss in Behcet's disease","volume":"2017","author":"Somkijrungroj","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R18-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.723112","article-title":"Epidemiology of Beh\u00e7et disease","volume":"20","author":"Khairallah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R19-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940490518757","article-title":"Indocyanine green and fundus fluorescein angiographic findings in patients with active ocular Behcet's disease","volume":"13","author":"Gedik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R20-20250325","first-page":"1","article-title":"Development of Posterior Uveitis in Beh\u00e7et Syndrome Patients with Vitreous Cells at Baseline","volume":"2024","author":"Ucar","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm."},{"key":"R21-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398054","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/398054","article-title":"Cellular debris in the anterior vitreous in silent eyes of Beh\u00e7et patients as a clue of asymptomatic ocular involvement","volume":"2013","author":"Cingu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R22-20250325","first-page":"1078","article-title":"International study group for Beh\u00e7et's disease","volume":"335","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R23-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2013.854393","article-title":"Validity and agreement of uveitis experts in interpretation of ocular photographs for diagnosis of Beh\u00e7et uveitis","volume":"22","author":"Tugal-Tutkun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R24-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1736310","article-title":"An algorithm for the diagnosis of Beh\u00e7et disease uveitis in adults","volume":"29","author":"Tugal-Tutkun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R25-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)34001-0","article-title":"Standardization of vitreal inflammatory activity in intermediate and posterior uveitis","volume":"92","author":"Nussenblatt","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R26-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.05.036","article-title":"Scale for photographic grading of vitreous haze in uveitis","volume":"150","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R27-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s10384-013-0294-0","article-title":"Beh\u00e7et's disease ocular attack score 24:Evaluation of ocular disease activity before and after initiation of infliximab","volume":"58","author":"Kaburaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jpn J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R28-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2024.2352059","article-title":"Aproposal of a new tool for the assessment of damage in Beh\u00e7et syndrome uveitis:Cerrahpasa ocular damage grading system","volume":"32","author":"Ozyazgan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R29-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199002013220501","article-title":"Acontrolled trial of azathioprine in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome","volume":"322","author":"Yazici","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R30-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.76.4.241","article-title":"Low dose cyclosporin a versus pulsed cyclophosphamide in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome:A single masked trial","volume":"76","author":"Ozyazgan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R31-20250325","first-page":"S84","article-title":"Cyclosporine for Beh\u00e7et's uveitis:Is it associated with an increased risk of neurological involvement?","volume":"26","author":"Akman-Demir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"R32-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-023-05420-4","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil may be an alternative for maintenance therapy of Beh\u00e7et syndrome uveitis:A single-center retrospective analysis","volume":"43","author":"Ucar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"R33-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key242","article-title":"Management of major organ involvement of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome:A systematic review for update of the EULAR recommendations","volume":"57","author":"Ozguler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"R34-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.4.423","article-title":"Human recombinant interferon alfa-2a for the treatment of Beh\u00e7et's disease with sight threatening posterior or panuveitis","volume":"87","author":"K\u00f6tter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R35-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2022.02.002","article-title":"Lower relapses rate with infliximab versus adalimumab in sight-threatening uveitis:A multicenter study of 330 patients","volume":"238","author":"Maalouf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R36-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41026","article-title":"Comparative study of infliximab versus adalimumab in refractory uveitis due to Beh\u00e7et's disease:National multicenter study of 177 cases","volume":"71","author":"Atienza-Mateo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"R37-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4228-6","article-title":"Comparative efficacy between adalimumab and infliximab in the treatment of non-infectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and panuveitis:A retrospective observational study of 107 patients","volume":"38","author":"Fabiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R38-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-018-4069-3","article-title":"Long-term retention rates of adalimumab and infliximab in non-infectious intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis","volume":"38","author":"Fabiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"R39-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2010-311","article-title":"Risk of tuberculosis is increased in Beh\u00e7et's disease compared to other rheumatological disorders after anti-TNFa treatments:A case series and review of the literature","volume":"51","author":"Gazel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"R40-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002693","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2022-002693","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of certolizumab pegol in uveitis due to immune-mediated inflammatory diseases:Multicentre study of 80 patients","volume":"8","author":"Mart\u00edn-Varillas","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"R41-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2017.1351573","article-title":"Rapid and sustained efficacy of golimumab in the treatment of multirefractory uveitis associated with Beh\u00e7et's disease","volume":"27","author":"Fabiani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R42-20250325","first-page":"S34","article-title":"The effect of biologic therapy different from infliximab or adalimumab in patients with refractory uveitis due to Beh\u00e7et's disease:Results of a multicentre open-label study","volume":"34","author":"Santos-G\u00f3mez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"R43-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.221106","article-title":"Tocilizumab in Beh\u00e7et disease:A multicenter study of 30 patients","volume":"50","author":"Khitri","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"R44-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2022.152153","article-title":"Anti-TNF versus tocilizumab in refractory uveitic cystoid macular edema due to Behcet's disease","volume":"58","author":"Barroso-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Multicenter study of 49 patients. Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R45-20250325","first-page":"1575","article-title":"IL-6 blockade for Beh\u00e7et's disease:Review on 31 anti-TNF naive and 45 anti-TNF experienced patients","volume":"40","author":"Arida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"R46-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2023.2263557","article-title":"Successful remission with upadacitinib in two patients with anti-TNF-refractory macular edema associated with Beh\u00e7et's uveitis","volume":"32","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R47-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109298","article-title":"Baricitinib for the treatment of refractory vascular Beh\u00e7et's disease","volume":"250","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R48-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2023.109241","article-title":"Baricitinib for the treatment of intestinal Beh\u00e7et's disease:A pilot study","volume":"247","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"R49-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981502","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.981502","article-title":"Case report:Refractory intestinal Beh\u00e7et's syndrome successfully treated with tofacitinib:A report of four cases","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R50-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217307","article-title":"Apilot study of tofacitinib for refractory Beh\u00e7et's syndrome","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R51-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.02.020","article-title":"Successful optimization of adalimumab therapy in refractory uveitis due to Beh\u00e7et's disease","volume":"125","author":"Mart\u00edn-Varillas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R52-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618973","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.618973","article-title":"Immunogenicity of infliximab among patients with Beh\u00e7et syndrome:A controlled study","volume":"11","author":"Esatoglu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R53-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78718-z","article-title":"A10-year follow-up of infliximab monotherapy for refractory uveitis in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Horiguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R54-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.06.005","article-title":"Efficacy of anti-TNF alpha in severe and\/or refractory Beh\u00e7et's disease:Multicenter study of 124 patients","volume":"62","author":"Vallet","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"R55-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3109\/09273948.2012.713159","article-title":"Comparison of presenting features and three-year disease course in Turkish patients with Beh\u00e7et uveitis who presented in the early 1990s and the early 2000s","volume":"20","author":"Cingu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R56-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3746","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab944","article-title":"Emergence of new manifestations during infliximab treatment in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Tukek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"R57-20250325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"keae416","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae416","article-title":"De novo manifestations during adalimumab treatment in Beh\u00e7et's syndrome","author":"Esatoglu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_228_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:18:27Z","timestamp":1787167107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_228_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_228_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-4534","2542-6680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-4534","type":"print"},{"value":"2542-6680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-26","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-18","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}