{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:31:53Z","timestamp":1787761913124,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial keratitis remains a significant cause of corneal morbidity and visual impairment. Increasing resistance to antimicrobial therapy has prompted interest in alternative or adjunctive treatments, including corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) with ultraviolet-A (UV-A) and riboflavin. The aim of the study is to develop an\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      human corneal infection model and to evaluate the efficacy of UV-A-induced corneal collagen CXL as an adjuvant treatment for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      keratitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three human donor corneas were dissected into quadrants and assigned to four experimental groups: (1) control (noninoculated and nontreated), (2) inoculated only, (3) inoculated and postinfection cross-linked, and (4) precross-linked and subsequently inoculated. All infected samples were exposed to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the CXL procedure was applied either 24 h prior to or 24 h following bacterial inoculation. Corneal tissues were processed and analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The postinfection CXL group demonstrated a significant reduction in bacterial load compared to the inoculated-only and precross-linked groups. Moreover, there was limited bacterial spread, and posterior stromal architecture was better preserved in the treated corneas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study successfully established a human\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model of bacterial keratitis. UV-A-induced corneal collagen CXL shows promise as an effective adjunctive therapy for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. epidermidis<\/jats:italic>\n                      keratitis by mitigating bacterial invasion and preserving tissue integrity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_237_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T11:01:47Z","timestamp":1777892507000},"page":"189-194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of ultraviolet-A-induced corneal collagen cross-linking in the management of Staphylococcus epidermidis keratitis: In vitro study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Muhanna M.","family":"Alanazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optmetry, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi 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