{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:44:30Z","timestamp":1787071470343,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739923200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The brain and eye are linked by the same nerves and arteries, presenting a hemodynamic continuity. Alterations in ocular perfusion may have an impact on the visual function or the neurodegenerative process. We aimed to assess whether there is a relationship between epilepsy and ocular microvasculature in the adult population by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This observational, cross-sectional study included 22 epilepsy patients (epilepsy group), and 21 healthy controls (control group). OCTA analysis of the vessel density (VD) of the retinal superficial capillary plexus, deep capillary plexus, foveal retinal thickness (FRT), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) areas, and the radial peripapillary capillary, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Age, gender, central corneal thicknesses, and mean intraocular pressure levels were similar between the groups (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &gt;0.05 for all). Superficial and deep retinal capillary VD, FRT, and FAZ areas were not significantly different between the groups. However, significantly lower superior quadrant RNFL thicknesses and lower optic disc whole and peripapillary capillary VD were detected in the epilepsy group when compared to the control group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.026,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Besides the neurological basis of epilepsy, vascular dysfunction seems to be another risk factor in the pathophysiology of epilepsy. OCTA may be suggested as a potentially useful biomarker for ocular microvascular alterations in epileptic patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_274_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T06:04:05Z","timestamp":1740031445000},"page":"66-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ocular microvascular alterations in epileptic patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Bengi E.","family":"Kurtul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tayfur Ata S\u00f6kmen Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derya Y.","family":"Demiray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tayfur Ata S\u00f6kmen Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cagla K.","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Tayfur Ata S\u00f6kmen Faculty of Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2492","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211010388","article-title":"Microvascular changes associated with epilepsy: A narrative review","volume":"41","author":"van Lanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R2-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2023.103582","article-title":"Ocular perfusion characteristics of children with newly diagnosed epilepsy","volume":"42","author":"Nalcacioglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn 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effects of GABA-transaminase inhibitors in the treatment of epilepsy: Ocular perfusion and visual performance","volume":"22","author":"Hosking","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"R7-20260416","first-page":"e20220269","article-title":"Effect of levetiracetam on ocular perfusion measure with optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"87","author":"Kaderli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arq Bras Oftalmol"},{"key":"R8-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/08820530601006742","article-title":"Neuro-ophthalmologic manifestations of epilepsy","volume":"21","author":"Bajwa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-016-0618-3","article-title":"Immune response in the eye following epileptic seizures","volume":"13","author":"Ahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R10-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2019.05.015","article-title":"Attenuation of retinal nerve fibre layer in people with epilepsy receiving valproate","volume":"154","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res"},{"key":"R11-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.14744\/bej.2023.19942","article-title":"Choroid and retinal effects of epilepsy and epilepsy subgroups","volume":"9","author":"Torun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Beyoglu Eye J"},{"key":"R12-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12859","article-title":"Association between retinal thickness and disease characteristics in adult epilepsy: A cross-sectional OCT evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Delazer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"R13-20260416","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of epilepsy and anti-epileptic drugs on the anterior and posterior segment of the eye","volume":"7","author":"K\u0131vrak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R14-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119881982","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography and neurodegeneration in epilepsy","volume":"31","author":"Bayraktar Bilen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20260416","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2004.21","article-title":"Ocular defects in photosensitive epilepsy","volume":"4","author":"Anyanwu","year":"2004","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_274_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:46:35Z","timestamp":1787067995000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_274_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_274_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-4534","2542-6680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-4534","type":"print"},{"value":"2542-6680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-16","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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