{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:26:37Z","timestamp":1787775997244,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a form of child physical abuse that can result in major ocular injuries. This study describes the clinical presentation and ocular manifestations of infants diagnosed with AHT in a tertiary care center in Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is an observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study from 2015 to 2022 conducted at King Abdullah Specialized Children\u2019s Hospital (KASCH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Inclusion criteria include infants &lt;2 years of age, diagnosed with AHT that had an eye examination as part of the evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 25 (50 eyes) cases of AHT had an eye examination documented in the electronic patients\u2019 records. The majority were males 19 (76%), and &lt;6 months of age 10 (40%). About half of the children were healthy 13 (52%), and 12 (48%) had underlying physical illness. All patients had computed tomography scans. Subdural bleeding was noted in 22 (88%), 1 (4%) had epidural, and 4 (16%) had subarachnoid bleed. External ocular signs were noted in 8 (32%) patients only, including raccoon eyes, periorbital bruises, subconjunctival hemorrhage, and nonfixating eyes. Fundus findings were bilateral in 18 (72%), unilateral in 2 (8%), and normal in 5 (20%). In those with findings, the majority of 34 (68%) eyes had multiple retinal hemorrhages, 4 (8%) had vitreous hemorrhages, 2 (4%) retinal detachments, and 1 (2%) retinoschisis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fundus examination is an important part of the comprehensive examination of children with suspected AHT; the majority of patients had an abnormal fundus examination with the tendency of bilateral findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_313_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T15:01:03Z","timestamp":1727449263000},"page":"280-285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ocular findings in the evaluation of abusive head trauma in 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