{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:30:00Z","timestamp":1787761800610,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Empiric keratitis to treat Gram-negative infections is often fortified with tobramycin or monotherapy with fluoroquinolones. Ceftazidime is not generally administered, although it has found success in the past. In this\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      study, we sought to understand the possible role of ceftazidime in the treatment of Gram-negative keratitis in comparison to other anti-infectives.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective study at an academic tertiary care ophthalmology department. The laboratory records of patients with culture-positive Gram-negative keratitis were evaluated for anti-infective susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to ceftazidime, tobramycin, ciprofloxacin, and polymyxin B. The median minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs \u03bcg\/ml) of each Gram-negative bacterial group was compared to the established serum standards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from 38 patients between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021, demonstrated median MICs for four antibiotics: ceftazidime (1.5 \u03bcg\/ml), tobramycin (1.5 \u03bcg\/ml), ciprofloxacin (0.094 \u03bcg\/ml), and polymyxin B (1.75 \u03bcg\/ml). Among 15 isolates from other Gram-negative isolates during the same period, the median MICs were: ceftazidime (0.19 \u03bcg\/ml), tobramycin (1.0 \u03bcg\/ml), ciprofloxacin (0.032 \u03bcg\/ml), and polymyxin B (1.0 \u03bcg\/ml). All median MIC values for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      and other Gram-negative bacteria were denoted as susceptible, as interpreted by the serum standards.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      testing, our data suggest that ceftazidime may still be useful in the treatment of Gram-negative keratitis. Patient comfort, costs, and availability will dictate the role of ceftazidime in the treatment of Gram-negative keratitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_413_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:20:25Z","timestamp":1781018425000},"page":"165-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ceftazidime for Gram-negative bacterial keratitis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Tadhg","family":"Schempf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanwal","family":"Matharu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regis P.","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, The Charles T. 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