{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:25:03Z","timestamp":1787772303601,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this prospective study was to identify the demographic and clinical variations of keratoconus (KC) in Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A self-administered survey was completed by patients in Saudi hospitals. The survey included questions on demographics, educational level, treatment options, dry eye, eye rubbing because of allergy, residence, family history, and consanguineous marriage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six hundred and forty-eight patients (375 \u2013 male, 273 \u2013 female; mean age: 26.89 [standard deviation: 7.04] years; range: 11\u201350 years) were conducted at 13 central hospitals in all 13 administrate areas of Saudi Arabia over a 1-year period. Five hundred and forty-three (83.8%) patients had a secondary school diploma or diploma's degree of education and mostly were from the Aseer and Riyadh regions. The geographical distribution rate of KC was highest in the mountainous areas. For dry eye, 21.9% and 44.8% of the patients, respectively, reported frequent or occasional dryness and 13.4% and 48.9% of the patients, respectively, reported frequent or occasional bouts of eye allergy. Furthermore, 17.9% and 61.9% of the patients, respectively, reported that they constantly or sometimes rubbed their eyes. Marriages were endogamous in 53.5% of the patients and the family history was positive by 56.8%. There was a history of ocular disease in 27% of the patients and the systemic disease was 13%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is the first to describe the regional demographic and clinical variations of KC in Saudi Arabia. Its findings suggest that the different distribution of keratoconic patients between provinces is attributable to genetic and\/or environmental factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_43_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T06:29:15Z","timestamp":1716186555000},"page":"42-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Demographic and clinical variations of keratoconus in Saudi population"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Nasser A.","family":"Al Qahtani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad O.","family":"Abahussin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Assiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90094-8","article-title":"Keratoconus and related noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders","volume":"28","author":"Krachmer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R2-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(97)00119-7","article-title":"Keratoconus","volume":"42","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10025-1002","article-title":"The epidemiology and etiology of keratoconus","volume":"1","author":"Gordon-Shaag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Keratoconus Ectatic Corneal Dis"},{"key":"R4-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-1549(03)00099-3","article-title":"The genetics of keratoconus","volume":"16","author":"Rabinowitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Clin North Am"},{"key":"R5-7-20240830","first-page":"ii","article-title":"The genetics of keratoconus: A review","volume":"3","author":"Wheeler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Syst Sex Disord"},{"key":"R6-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2012.02448.x","article-title":"Keratoconus in 18 pairs of twins","volume":"90","author":"Tuft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.00981.x","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of keratoconus in Denmark","volume":"85","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Scand"},{"key":"R8-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31823f8c72","article-title":"What causes keratoconus?","volume":"31","author":"Sugar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R9-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e31828da95c","article-title":"Is consanguinity a risk factor for keratoconus?","volume":"90","author":"Gordon-Shaag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R10-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10025-1070","article-title":"Prevalence of keratoconus among young Arab students in Israel","volume":"3","author":"Shneor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Keratoconus Ectatic Corneal Dis"},{"key":"R11-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90817-2","article-title":"A 48-year clinical and epidemiologic study of keratoconus","volume":"101","author":"Kennedy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.074955","article-title":"Incidence and severity of keratoconus in Asir province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"89","author":"Assiri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2009.06.024","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of keratoconus in rural Maharashtra in central India: The central India eye and medical study","volume":"148","author":"Jonas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.560747","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of keratoconus in Jerusalem: A cross-sectional study","volume":"18","author":"Millodot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R15-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2011.03.016","article-title":"Keratoconus screening in a Lebanese students\u2019 population","volume":"35","author":"Waked","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Fr Ophtalmol"},{"key":"R16-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2013.848458","article-title":"Topographic keratoconus is not rare in an Iranian population: The Tehran eye study","volume":"20","author":"Hashemi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R17-7-20240830","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological features of keratoconus genetic and external factors in the pathogenesis of the disease","volume":"178","author":"Ihalainen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol Suppl"},{"key":"R18-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2005.tb00241.x","article-title":"The UV Index on the Spanish Mediterranean coast","volume":"81","author":"Mar\u00edn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"R19-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700652","article-title":"Influence of ethnic origin on the incidence of keratoconus and associated atopic disease in Asians and white patients","volume":"18","author":"Georgiou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye (Lond"},{"key":"R20-7-20240830","first-page":"38","article-title":"Epidemiology of keratoconus in the Urals","volume":"114","author":"Gorskova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vestn Oftalmol"},{"key":"R21-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2000.154","article-title":"Does ethnic origin influence the incidence or severity of keratoconus?","volume":"14","author":"Pearson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R22-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12005","article-title":"Characteristics of 244 patients with keratoconus seen in an optometric contact lens practice","volume":"96","author":"Shneor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R23-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02458.x","article-title":"Keratoconus in Asians: Demographics, clinical characteristics and visual function in a hospital-based population","volume":"39","author":"Khor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R24-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700061","article-title":"Characteristics and functional outcomes of 130 patients with keratoconus attending a specialist contact lens clinic","volume":"16","author":"Lim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eye (Lond"},{"key":"R25-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200303000-00008","article-title":"A profile of keratoconus in New Zealand","volume":"22","author":"Owens","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"R26-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2017.11.003","article-title":"Prevalence of keratoconus among patients seeking laser correction vision in Taif area of Saudi Arabia","volume":"32","author":"Talal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R28-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12237","article-title":"Risk factors for keratoconus in Israel: case-control study","volume":"35","author":"Ariela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Optics"},{"key":"R29-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2004.tb03155.x","article-title":"Keratoconus in Asian eyes at a tertiary eye care facility","volume":"87","author":"Saini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R31-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(88)33161-1","article-title":"Keratoconus. Contact lens or keratoplasty?","volume":"95","author":"Smiddy","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R32-7-20240830","first-page":"2537","article-title":"Baseline findings in the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus (CLEK) study","volume":"39","author":"Zadnik","year":"1998","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R34-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S28461","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of keratoconus at King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"2012","author":"Alabdelmoneam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Optometry"},{"key":"R35-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1367-0484(03)00022-5","article-title":"The cascade hypothesis of keratoconus","volume":"26","author":"Cristina Kenney","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye"},{"key":"R37-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2005.10.009","article-title":"Is there an association between diabetes and keratoconus?","volume":"113","author":"Kuo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R38-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.8.834","article-title":"Atopy and keratoconus: A multivariate analysis","volume":"84","author":"Bawazeer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R39-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2003.tb03082.x","article-title":"Keratoconus, allergy, itch, eye-rubbing and hand-dominance","volume":"86","author":"McMonnies","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R40-7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000098","article-title":"Distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in patients with keratoconus: A case-control study","volume":"41","author":"Naderan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye Contact Lens"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_43_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:37:27Z","timestamp":1787769447000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_43_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_43_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-4534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-4534","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}