{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:24:48Z","timestamp":1787772288594,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of refractive errors in the pediatric population in Taif, Saudi Arabia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study included 7356 eyes of 3678 primary and secondary school children (males = 1837; females = 1841) with a mean age of 11.8 \u00b1 2.2 years (range: 7\u201318) (males = 11.4 \u00b1 2.0 [range: 8\u201316]; females = 12.2 \u00b1 2.3 [range: 7\u201318]). All participants were selected from the school registers. The participants underwent noncycloplegic refraction to determine refractive errors. Students who refused visual acuity assessment or eye examination and were inconsistent in visual acuity assessment were excluded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The manifest refraction spherical equivalent of the study population was 0.37 \u00b1 1.52 D (range from \u2212 18.4 to 8.8 D) (males = \u22120.32 \u00b1 1.4 D [range \u2212 15.88\u20138.8 D]; females = \u22120.42 \u00b1 1.6 D [range \u2212 18.38\u20138.0 D]). The overall prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors among school children in this study was 50.91%. The overall distribution of astigmatism (cylinder error of \u22650.50 D) in the current study population was found to be 50.14% (3688\/7356 eyes).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nearly half of the study population in this area was affected with at least one type of refractive error. The findings reveal the necessity for implementing timely and sensitive screening programs\/methods to identify and correct refractive errors in this age group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_46_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T06:29:15Z","timestamp":1716186555000},"page":"70-74","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Prevalence of refractive errors in school-going children of Taif region of Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Talal A.","family":"AlThomali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majed","family":"AlQurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulhamid S.","family":"AlGhamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afra","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhan K.","family":"AlSwailmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.15537\/smj.2017.8.20412","article-title":"Prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors among children aged 3-10 years in western Saudi Arabia","volume":"38","author":"Alrahili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"key":"R2-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2017.08.009","article-title":"Global and regional estimates of prevalence of refractive errors: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Hashemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-300539","article-title":"Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010","volume":"96","author":"Pascolini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2017.05.004","article-title":"The prevalence of refractive errors in 5-15 year-old population of two underserved rural areas of Iran","volume":"30","author":"Hashemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000000796","article-title":"Global vision impairment and blindness due to uncorrected refractive error, 1990-2010","volume":"93","author":"Naidoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R6-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.041210","article-title":"Global magnitude of visual impairment caused by uncorrected refractive errors in 2004","volume":"86","author":"Resnikoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R7-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.53864","article-title":"Prevalence of uncorrected refractive error and other eye problems among urban and rural school children","volume":"16","author":"Padhye","year":"2009","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v5n1p125","article-title":"Prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among primary school children in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia","volume":"5","author":"Al Wadaani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"key":"R9-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2014.02.001","article-title":"Prevalence of correctable visual impairment in primary school children in Qassim Province, Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Aldebasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"R10-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2010.01.001","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors among pre-school children at King Abdulaziz medical city, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"24","author":"Al-Rowaily","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9570.1000114","article-title":"Prevalence of uncorrected refractive errors among adolescents at King Abdul-Aziz medical city, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"1","author":"Rowaily","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.03.049","article-title":"Exceptionally low prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment in schoolchildren from Lao People's democratic republic","volume":"119","author":"Casson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R13-11-20240830","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pattern of refractive astigmatism in Nigerian high schools","volume":"1","author":"Emmanuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sky J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"R14-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2011.632703","article-title":"Refractive error in school children in an urban and rural setting in Cambodia","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R15-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtb.2015.10.008","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors among primary school children in a tropical area, Southeastern Iran","volume":"6","author":"Mahjoob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"R16-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2012.00762.x","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren in rural central Ethiopia","volume":"96","author":"Mehari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R17-11-20240830","first-page":"97","article-title":"Visual screening and refractive errors among school aged children","volume":"18","author":"Gull","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Rawalpindi Med Coll"},{"key":"R18-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82763","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082763","article-title":"Refractive error, visual acuity and causes of vision loss in children in Shandong, China. The Shandong children eye study","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R19-11-20240830","first-page":"232","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors among high school students in Western Iran","volume":"9","author":"Hashemi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"R20-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joco.2015.09.008","article-title":"The prevalence of refractive errors in 6- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in Dezful, Iran","volume":"27","author":"Norouzirad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Curr Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R21-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-322X.176909","article-title":"Prevalence of amblyopia and refractive errors among primary school children","volume":"10","author":"Rajavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"R22-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2010.02247.x","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren in Shiraz, Iran","volume":"38","author":"Yekta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R23-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12198","article-title":"Population-based survey of refractive error among school-aged children in rural northern China: The Heilongjiang eye study","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R24-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6188","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20243","article-title":"Age-specific prevalence of visual impairment and refractive error in children aged 3-10 years in Shanghai, China","volume":"57","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R25-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.7.342","article-title":"Refractive status and prevalence of refractive errors in suburban school-age children","volume":"7","author":"Pi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"key":"R26-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S88353","article-title":"Myopia in schoolchildren in a rural community in the State of Mexico, Mexico","volume":"8","author":"Garcia-Lievanos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Optom (Auckl"},{"key":"R27-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-14-95","article-title":"Uncorrected refractive error and associated factors among primary school children in Debre Markos District, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Sewunet","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R28-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.102742","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Yared","year":"2012","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R29-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12273","article-title":"Prevalence of vision impairment and refractive error in school children in Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province, Vietnam","volume":"42","author":"Paudel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R30-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/aveh.v76i1.369","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for myopia among school children in Aba, Nigeria","volume":"76","author":"Atowa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr Vis Eye Health"},{"key":"R31-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S85992","article-title":"The status of refractive errors in elementary school children in South Jeolla Province, South Korea","volume":"7","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Optometry"},{"key":"R32-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.3126\/nepjoph.v2i2.3717","article-title":"The patterns of refractive errors among the school children of rural and urban settings in Nepal","volume":"2","author":"Pokharel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nepal J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R33-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-620X.122272","article-title":"Magnitude and determinants of refractive error among school children of two districts of Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"6","author":"Adhikari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oman J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R34-11-20240830","first-page":"C16","article-title":"Prevalence of refractive errors and number needed to screen among rural high school children in Southern India: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"John","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R35-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1888-4296(11)70041-3","article-title":"Refractive error among school children in Jhapa, Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Shrestha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"R36-11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.10.003","article-title":"American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Refractive Management\/Intervention Panel. Refractive Errors & Refractive Surgery Preferred Practice Pattern\u00ae","volume":"125","author":"Chuck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_46_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:36:36Z","timestamp":1787769396000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_46_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_46_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-4534"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-4534","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}