{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:17:43Z","timestamp":1787771863121,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody against complement C5, is a novel therapy to treat refractory myasthenia gravis (MG). The present review was undertaken to study the role of eculizumab in MG. This includes the drug\u2019s mechanism, pharmacokinetics, clinical trial findings, tolerability, side effects, safety, dosage, administration, and cost. An English-language search for relevant items was undertaken using Embase and PubMed from 1946 to present. Clinical trial registries\/databases and websites were also searched for relevant data. Keywords were eculizumab and MG. The present review found 103 articles after initial screening. Current data support eculizumab as an effective, safe, and tolerable drug in cases of refractory MG. However, its cost can prevent it from being widely accessible to a majority of the general population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_74_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T06:00:40Z","timestamp":1708495240000},"page":"34-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Eculizumab in myasthenia gravis: A review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Avery","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aroucha","family":"Vickers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Valley Hospital Medical Center, Las Vegas, NV, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuro-Ophthalmology, Las Vegas Neurology Center, Las Vegas, NV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0079-y","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"5","author":"Gilhus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"R3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10112235","article-title":"Myasthenia Gravis:Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations","volume":"10","author":"Dresser","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R4-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00145-3","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis:Subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies","volume":"14","author":"Gilhus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2006.05.006","article-title":"A systematic review of diagnostic studies in myasthenia gravis","volume":"16","author":"Benatar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuromuscul Disord"},{"key":"R6-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e627","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001061","article-title":"The usefulness of anti-acetylcholine receptor binding antibody testing in diagnosing ocular myasthenia gravis","volume":"41","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.5.496","article-title":"Clinical implementation of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies","volume":"56","author":"Somnier","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R9-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e91816","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091816","article-title":"Autoantibodies to agrin in myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R10-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.1.16","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"55","author":"Jaretzki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R11-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.7.1487","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis activities of daily living profile","volume":"52","author":"Wolfe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R12-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03019.x","article-title":"Guidelines for treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders","volume":"17","author":"Skeie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R13-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1177\/1941875210382918","article-title":"Myasthenic crisis","volume":"1","author":"Wendell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurohospitalist"},{"key":"R14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102712","article-title":"Update in immunosuppressive therapy of myasthenia gravis","volume":"20","author":"Lascano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"R15-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.24769","article-title":"Efficacy of prednisone for the treatment of ocular myasthenia (EPITOME):A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"53","author":"Benatar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R17-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12359","article-title":"EFNS\/ENS guidelines for the treatment of ocular myasthenia","volume":"21","author":"Kerty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R18-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00604","article-title":"A practical approach to managing patients with myasthenia gravis-opinions and a review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Farrugia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R19-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2009.03491.x","article-title":"Eculizumab","volume":"68","author":"Dubois","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R21-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0875-9","article-title":"Eculizumab:A review in generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"78","author":"Dhillon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"R23-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1006-1224","article-title":"Complementary therapies for inflammation","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"R24-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23839","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study of eculizumab in patients with refractory generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"48","author":"Howard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R25-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30369-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN):A phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study","volume":"16","author":"Howard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R26-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51376","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of eculizumab in refractory generalized myasthenia gravis:Responder analyses","volume":"8","author":"Howard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"R27-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556104","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.556104","article-title":"Concomitant immunosuppressive therapy use in eculizumab-treated adults with generalized myasthenia gravis during the REGAIN open-label extension study","volume":"11","author":"Nowak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R28-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286420911784","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286420911784","article-title":"Response to eculizumab in patients with myasthenia gravis recently treated with chronic IVIg:A subgroup analysis of REGAIN and its open-label extension study","volume":"13","author":"Jacob","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"R29-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.27422","article-title":"Eculizumab in refractory generalized myasthenia gravis previously treated with rituximab:Subgroup analysis of REGAIN and its extension study","volume":"64","author":"Siddiqi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R30-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.08.004","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of eculizumab in Japanese patients with generalized myasthenia gravis:A subgroup analysis of the REGAIN open-label extension study","volume":"407","author":"Murai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R31-20240830","first-page":"8","article-title":"Safety of eculizumab in NMOSD and MG:Analysis of the phase 3 studies prevent and regain, and their extensions","volume":"429","author":"Mantegazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R32-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2147\/DHPS.S257009","article-title":"Risk analysis of eculizumab-related meningococcal disease in Japan using the Japanese adverse drug event report database","volume":"12","author":"Matsumura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Healthc Patient Saf"},{"key":"R34-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696385","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.696385","article-title":"Eculizumab pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"12","author":"Monteleone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R35-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09770-y","article-title":"'Minimal symptom expression'in patients with acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalized myasthenia gravis treated with eculizumab","volume":"267","author":"Vissing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R36-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.26447","article-title":"Long-term safety and efficacy of eculizumab in generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"60","author":"Muppidi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"R37-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51121","article-title":"Consistent improvement with eculizumab across muscle groups in myasthenia gravis","volume":"7","author":"Mantegazza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"R38-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e610","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011207","article-title":"Post-intervention status in patients with refractory myasthenia gravis treated with eculizumab during REGAIN and its open-label extension","volume":"96","author":"Mantegazza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R39-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13110","article-title":"Immunosuppressive and monoclonal antibody treatment for myasthenia gravis:A network meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"R40-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2021.2010704","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of drug efficacy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"R41-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790834","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.790834","article-title":"Different monoclonal antibodies in myasthenia gravis:A Bayesian network meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R42-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725700","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.725700","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of immunotherapies in refractory myasthenia gravis:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R45-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2100066","article-title":"Terminal complement inhibitor ravulizumab in generalized myasthenia gravis","volume":"1","author":"Vu","year":"2022","journal-title":"NEJM Evid"},{"key":"R46-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.5125","article-title":"Clinical effects of the self-administered subcutaneous complement inhibitor zilucoplan in patients with moderate to severe generalized myasthenia gravis:Results of a phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial","volume":"77","author":"Howard","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R47-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17562864211001995","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211001995","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of eculizumab in Japanese patients with generalized myasthenia gravis:Interim analysis of post-marketing surveillance","volume":"14","author":"Murai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"R48-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1111\/cen3.12716","article-title":"Safety and effectiveness of eculizumab in Japanese patients with generalized myasthenia gravis:Analysis of 1-year postmarketing surveillance","volume":"13","author":"Murai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 18","key":"R49-20240830","article-title":"Real-world experience of eculizumab treatment for generalized myasthenia gravis:Initial data from a registry of patients with generalized myasthenia gravis in the USA (S25.006)","volume":"98","author":"Narayanaswami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"Suppl 18","key":"R50-20240830","article-title":"Real-world eculizumab effectiveness on US Patient outcomes in myasthenia gravis (ELEVATE):A retrospective chart review (S41.010)","volume":"98","author":"Habib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"}],"container-title":["Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_74_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:18:22Z","timestamp":1787768302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_74_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/sjopt.sjopt_74_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1319-4534","2542-6680"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1319-4534","type":"print"},{"value":"2542-6680","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-03-31","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-10","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}