{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:28:34Z","timestamp":1787761714071,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The bladder and urethra work as a physiologically functional unit to facilitate continence in the storage and voiding phase. Sex differences have been found in the urethral contraction in response to \u03b1-adrenergic receptor activation. This study aimed to investigate the role of adrenergic receptors in the proximal urethra of male and female mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Urinary bladder and proximal urethral smooth muscle (USM) samples from male and female C57BL\/6 mice were isolated and mounted in an organ bath.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Acetylcholine-induced contraction of the urinary bladder was compared in male and female mice. Phenylephrine and norepinephrine (NE) induced little contraction at a lower concentration, but a relaxing phase of female proximal USM was observed at a higher concentration. This contraction profile was inhibited by N\n                      <jats:sup>G<\/jats:sup>\n                      -nitro-L-arginine, lidocaine, and capsaicin. In addition, the NE-induced contraction was greater in the incubation of propranolol than that of L-NNA or lidocaine. These results suggested that the \u03b2-adrenoceptor may be the dominant receptor of female proximal USM, and the activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide sensory nerves and nitrergic nerves may pose an anti-contraction effect on the proximal urethra in female mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u03b2-adrenoceptor may be the dominant receptor of female proximal USM. The use of \u03b2-adrenergic receptor blocker agents might have the potential for the treatment of female voiding dysfunction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_221_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T05:20:49Z","timestamp":1676956849000},"page":"253-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The differences in the adrenergic receptors of proximal urethra between sexes"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Po-Chun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shang-Jen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsi-Hsien","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen Shei-Dei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00038.2003","article-title":"Urinary bladder contraction and relaxation:Physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"84","author":"Andersson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"R2-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.56.4.4","article-title":"Pharmacology of the lower urinary tract:Basis for current and future treatments of urinary incontinence","volume":"56","author":"Andersson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"R3-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1344","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00001.2008","article-title":"Stimulation of beta3-adrenoceptors relaxes rat urinary bladder smooth muscle via activation of the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels","volume":"295","author":"Hristov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Cell Physiol"},{"key":"R4-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2005.05.004","article-title":"Partial nicotinic receptor blockade unmasks a modulatory role of nitric oxide on urethral striated neuromuscular transmission","volume":"13","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pascual","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"R5-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-445X.1999.tb00084.x","article-title":"The physiology of the mammalian urinary outflow tract","volume":"84","author":"Brading","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Physiol"},{"key":"R6-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)57981-1","article-title":"The autonomic innervation of the human male and female bladder neck and proximal urethra","volume":"118","author":"Gosling","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R7-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-16499-6_14","article-title":"alpha (1)-Adrenoceptors in the urinary tract","volume":"202","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb Exp Pharmacol"},{"key":"R8-20240828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00018a001","article-title":"Alpha and beta-adrenoceptors:From the gene to the clinic. 1. 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