{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:22:56Z","timestamp":1790673776354,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Human tears contain more than 1500 proteins that could be diagnostically relevant. To date, numerous candidates on a biomarker of protein origin were identified for ocular and systemic diseases. However, the suitable sampling method is still the subject of discussion. To address the need for a description of sampling methods properties for possible clinical analyses, we studied a total protein concentration and electrophoretic pattern of tear fluid collected by capillary tubes, Schirmer strips, cellulose microsponges, and flushing. The total protein concentration was 4.339 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL \u00b1 1.905 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL, 0.967 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL \u00b1 0.117 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL, 0.022 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL \u00b1 0.016 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL, and 0.008 \u03bcg\/\u03bcL \u00b1 0.006 \u03bcg\/\u03bc for the capillary tubes, Schirmer strips, flushing, and cellulose microsponges, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis showed the different patterns of tear proteins obtained by the above-mentioned sampling methods. These differences could originate from the use of a bigger amount of extraction reagent that was not used in the case of capillary tubes, and retention of the proteins by strips and sponges. Taken together, capillary tubes, Schirmer strips, cellulose microsponges, and flushing represent sensitive and convenient sampling methods for tear fluid collection. For the isolation of proteins from strips and sponges, and for the flushing, less than 100 \u03bcL of a reagent should be used to ensure the sufficient concentration of the biomarkers in a trace amount.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_14_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T02:42:37Z","timestamp":1623724957000},"page":"88-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of tear fluid sampling and processing on total protein quantity and electrophoretic pattern"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Krist\u00edna","family":"Kraj\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Glinsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladim\u00edra","family":"Tome\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13167-016-0065-3","article-title":"Tear fluid biomarkers in ocular and systemic disease: Potential use for predictive, preventive and personalised medicine","volume":"7","author":"Hagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"EPMA J"},{"key":"R2-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216681550","article-title":"Saliva diagnostics-Current views and directions","volume":"242","author":"Kaczor-Urbanowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood"},{"key":"R3-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5035","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27872","article-title":"Changes in human tear proteome following topical treatment of dry eye disease: Cyclosporine a versus diquafosol tetrasodium","volume":"60","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R4-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.542867","article-title":"Validation of the flush method as an alternative to basal or reflex tear collection","volume":"36","author":"Markoulli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"key":"R5-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-1313.2008.00603.x","article-title":"Tear sample collection using cellulose acetate absorbent filters","volume":"28","author":"Esmaeelpour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Physiol Opt"},{"key":"R6-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2012.10.001","article-title":"Schirmer strip vs.capillary tube method: Non-invasive methods of obtaining proteins from tear fluid","volume":"195","author":"Posa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"R7-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.3.16","article-title":"Comparison of capillary and Schirmer strip tear fluid sampling methods using SWATH-MS proteomics approach","volume":"9","author":"N\u00e4ttinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"R8-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-009-1275-3","article-title":"Quantification of tear proteins by SDS-PAGE with an internal standard protein: A new method with special reference to small volume tears","volume":"248","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108524","article-title":"Circadian clock regulates tear secretion in the lacrimal gland","volume":"206","author":"Vu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"R10-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51837-y","article-title":"Proteins and microRNAs are differentially expressed in tear fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease","volume":"9","author":"Kenny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R11-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001040","article-title":"Substance P in flush tears and Schirmer strips of healthy participants","volume":"94","author":"Markoulli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"R12-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3341\/jkos.2015.56.11.1677","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness between sampling methods for protein analysis of tear fluids","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Korean Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"R13-14-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an35821b","article-title":"Post-collection processing of Schirmer strip-collected human tear fluid impacts protein content","volume":"137","author":"Denisin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"R14-14-20240830","first-page":"456","article-title":"Investigation of the human tear film proteome using multiple proteomic approaches","volume":"14","author":"Green-Church","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Vis"}],"container-title":["Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/tjo.tjo_14_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:18:47Z","timestamp":1787843927000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/tjo.tjo_14_21"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tjo.tjo_14_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-5056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-5056","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}