{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:36:04Z","timestamp":1786739764582,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic since December 2019. Although COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory systems, it has become abundantly clear that it involves multiple organs including the heart, kidney, skin, and brain. Neuro-ophthalmic signs and anterior segment inflammation of the eyes were documented in COVID-19 patients recently. Small but growing number of literatures has also reported the cases of new onset vitreoretinal disorders related to COVID-19 infection. A comprehensive search from four online databases was done. Findings show vitreoretinal involvement in COVID-19 patients including the central retinal vein occlusion, central retinal artery occlusion, reactivation of previous uveitis, chorioretinitis, macular hemorrhage, acute macular neuroretinopathy, paracentral acute middle maculopathy, vitritis with outer retinal abnormalities, varicella zoster virus-related acute retinal necrosis in immunocompromised patient, and other posterior segment pathological changes. The hypotheses for potential pathogenesis of these manifestations are direct viral ocular infection and thromboembolic complications secondary to the hyperinflammatory response. This is the first review article, which provides an overview of current evidence regarding the vitreoretinal manifestations in COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_30_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,28]],"date-time":"2021-08-28T08:51:53Z","timestamp":1630140713000},"page":"232-243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vitreoretinal abnormalities in corona virus disease 2019 patients"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nathania","family":"Sutandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.03.019","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A literature review","volume":"13","author":"Harapan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"R2-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002660","article-title":"Coronavirus infections in children including COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"R3-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-020-00648-x","article-title":"Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection","volume":"20","author":"Gavriatopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"R4-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100678","article-title":"All about COVID-19 in brief","volume":"35","author":"Naserghandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"R5-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30120-1","article-title":"An interactive web-based dashboard to track COVID-19 in real time","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"R6-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.1291","article-title":"Characteristics of ocular findings of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China","volume":"138","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R7-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0926-9","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) and colonization of ocular tissues and secretions: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"Aiello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye (Lond"},{"key":"R8-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1287_20","article-title":"Presence of viral RNA of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival swab specimens of COVID-19 patients","volume":"68","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09912-2","article-title":"Miller-Fisher-like syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID 19)","volume":"267","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R10-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e601","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009619","article-title":"Miller Fisher syndrome and polyneuritis cranialis in COVID-19","volume":"95","author":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Ortiz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R11-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009700","article-title":"COVID-19 presenting with ophthalmoparesis from cranial nerve palsy","volume":"95","author":"Dinkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R12-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.06.001","article-title":"Acute abducens nerve palsy in a patient with the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19)","volume":"24","author":"Falcone","year":"2020","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"R13-5-20240830","first-page":"1","article-title":"New onset of ocular myasthenia gravis in a patient with COVID-19: A novel case report and literature review","volume":"268","author":"Sriwastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R14-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102474","article-title":"Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder after presumed coronavirus (COVID-19) infection: A case report","volume":"46","author":"de Ruijter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"R15-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1817497","article-title":"Ophthalmic and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"28","author":"Ortiz-Seller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R17-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idcr.2020.e00867","article-title":"Unique case of central retinal artery occlusion secondary to COVID-19 disease","volume":"21","author":"Acharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"IDCases"},{"key":"R18-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100958","article-title":"Bilateral macular hemorrhage in a patient with COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"D\u2019Aloisio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"R19-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1821898","article-title":"Vitritis and outer retinal abnormalities in a patient with COVID-19","volume":"28","author":"Zago Filho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R20-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e927691","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.927691","article-title":"Bilateral central retinal vein occlusion in a 40-year-old man with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia","volume":"21","author":"Gaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Case Rep"},{"key":"R22-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1825751","article-title":"COVID-19-associated retinopathy: A case report","volume":"28","author":"Gascon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R24-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1807023","article-title":"Impending central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"28","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R25-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100550","article-title":"Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19: Results from the SERPICO-19 study","volume":"27","author":"Invernizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"R26-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13156","article-title":"COVID-19 retinal microangiopathy as an in vivo biomarker of systemic vascular disease?","volume":"289","author":"Landecho","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Internal Med"},{"key":"R27-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31014-X","article-title":"Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Marinho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R30-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s13256-020-02620-5","article-title":"Retinal imaging study diagnoses in COVID-19: A case report","volume":"15","author":"Ortiz-Egea","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Case Rep"},{"key":"R31-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2380_20","article-title":"Retinal vein occlusion in COVID-19: A novel entity","volume":"68","author":"Sheth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R32-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-1069-8","article-title":"Paracentral acute middle maculopathy and acute macular neuroretinopathy following SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"34","author":"Virgo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye (Lond"},{"key":"R33-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2575_20","article-title":"Central retinal vein occlusion with COVID-19 infection as the presumptive etiology","volume":"68","author":"Walinjkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R34-5-20240830","first-page":"547","article-title":"Sars-CoV-2: A clinical update \u2013 II","volume":"2020;66","author":"Cespedes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras ("},{"key":"R35-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_53_20","article-title":"Ocular manifestation, comorbidities, and detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 from conjunctiva in coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R36-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1799037","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 targeting the retina: Host-virus interaction and possible mechanisms of viral tropism","volume":"28","author":"de Figueiredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R37-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4827304","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4827304","article-title":"Ocular findings in COVID-19 patients: A review of direct manifestations and indirect effects on the eye","volume":"2020","author":"Bertoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R38-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74446-6","article-title":"Retinal involvement and ocular findings in COVID-19 pneumonia patients","volume":"10","author":"Pirraglia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R39-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6644","article-title":"Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with COVID-19","volume":"41","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"R40-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.031","article-title":"COVID-19 and thrombotic or thromboembolic disease: Implications for prevention, antithrombotic therapy, and follow-up: JACC state-of-the-art review","volume":"75","author":"Bikdeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R41-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1404_20","article-title":"Evolving consensus on managing vitreo-retina and uvea practice in post-COVID-19 pandemic era","volume":"68","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R42-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1770301","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human retinal biopsies of deceased COVID-19 patients","volume":"28","author":"Casagrande","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R43-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2020.100805","article-title":"Absence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 RNA in ocular tissues","volume":"19","author":"Bayyoud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep"},{"key":"R44-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2003.035931","article-title":"The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in tears","volume":"88","author":"Loon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R45-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2020.1738501","article-title":"Can the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the eyes. A review of coronaviruses and ocular implications in humans and animals?","volume":"28","author":"Seah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"R46-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00299-x","article-title":"Does COVID-19 involve the retina?","volume":"9","author":"Karampelas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"R47-5-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_21_20","article-title":"Proposed measures to be taken by ophthalmologists during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Experience from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taiwan J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Taiwan Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/tjo.tjo_30_21","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:32:23Z","timestamp":1786735943000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/tjo.tjo_30_21"}},"subtitle":["What we know so far"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tjo.tjo_30_21","relation":{},"ISSN":["2211-5056"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2211-5056","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}}}