{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T02:29:33Z","timestamp":1792031373743,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title\/>\n                    <jats:p>Acute central retinal arterial occlusion has a very poor visual prognosis. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of evidence to support the use of any of the so-called \u201cconservative\u201d treatment options for CRAO, and the use of thrombolytics remains controversial. In this review, we address a variety of these \u201cconservative\u201d pharmacologic treatments (pentoxifylline, isosorbide dinitrate, and acetazolamide) and nonpharmacologic approaches (carbogen, hyperbaric oxygen, ocular massage, anterior chamber paracentesis, laser embolectomy, and hemodilution) that have been proposed as potential treatments of this condition. We conclude that the available evidence for all treatments is insufficient to conclude that any treatment will influence the natural history of this disorder. Management of CRAO patients should instead focus on reducing the risk of subsequent ischemic events, including cerebral stroke. Certain patients may be considered for acute treatment with thrombolytics, although further research must clarify the efficacy, safety, and optimal use of these therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_61_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T09:07:26Z","timestamp":1604480846000},"page":"16-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Conservative treatments for acute nonarteritic central retinal artery occlusion"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rahul A.","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy J.","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Biousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.03.038","article-title":"Central retinal artery occlusion: Visual outcome","volume":"140","author":"Hayreh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R2-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.03.054","article-title":"Management of acute retinal ischemia: Follow the guidelines!","volume":"125","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R3-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23597","article-title":"Concurrent acute brain infarcts in patients with monocular visual loss","volume":"72","author":"Helenius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"R4-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.016467","article-title":"Silent brain infarctions and leukoaraiosis in patients with retinal ischemia: A prospective single-center observational study","volume":"48","author":"Golsari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R5-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.09.017","article-title":"Features of patients with transient monocular blindness: A multicenter retrospective study in Japan","volume":"23","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R6-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2014.02.018","article-title":"Acute retinal arterial ischemia: An emergency often ignored","volume":"157","author":"Biousse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.1578","article-title":"Intravenous fibrinolytic therapy in central retinal artery occlusion: A patient-level meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Schrag","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R9-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.09.028","article-title":"Retinal and ophthalmic artery occlusions preferred practice pattern\u00ae","volume":"127","author":"Flaxel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R10-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-019-01562-8","article-title":"Vision loss associated with hyaluronic acid fillers: A systematic review of literature","volume":"44","author":"Kapoor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"R11-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/WNO.0000000000001027","article-title":"Thrombolysis for central retinal artery occlusion in 2020: Time is vision!","volume":"40","author":"Dumitrascu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuro-Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-017-8702-x","article-title":"Current treatment of central retinal artery occlusion: A national survey","volume":"265","author":"Youn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R13-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.09.024","article-title":"Retinal and Ophthalmic Artery Occlusions Preferred Practice Pattern\u00ae","volume":"124","author":"Olsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R14-3-20240830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.64.12.896","article-title":"Experimental occlusion of the central artery of the retina. 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