{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T20:34:13Z","timestamp":1786739653411,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>PURPOSE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the repeatability of tear osmolarity in healthy Saudi subjects using an I-PEN osmolarity device.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MATERIALS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty typical male subjects with healthy eyes (27.4 \u00b1 4.9 years) participated in the study. Eye abnormalities were tested with a slit lamp, and eye comfort was determined with the surface disease index. Measurements of the tear break-up time and phenol red thread tests were used for as exclusion criteria. The tear osmolarity test, using an I-PEN osmolarity system, was performed three times in the right eye of each subject with a 5 min' gap between tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The average osmolarity test score was 303.8 \u00b1 4.8 mOsm\/L. Tear osmolarity measurements showed tear osmolarity of 280\u2013299 mOsm\/L, 300\u2013309 mOsm\/L, and 310\u2013329 mOsm\/L in 14 (46.7%), three (10%), and 13 (43.3%) subjects, respectively. Correlations among the three I-PEN measurements were significant (Spearman's correlation coefficient;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.036, 0.501, and 0.603;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.050, 0.006, and 0.001, respectively). The mean coefficient of variance among the three measurements was 4.4%.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean measurement of an I-PEN tear osmolarity was 303.8 \u00b1 4.8 mOsm\/L which is in agreement with the range of those reported for healthy subjects. The I-PEN is reliable and has the advantage of portability (hand-held) compared to the other osmolarity systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_65_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]],"date-time":"2020-12-16T08:32:00Z","timestamp":1608107520000},"page":"168-174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Investigation of the repeatability of tear osmolarity using an I-PEN osmolarity device"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Raied","family":"Fagehi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulkareem B.","family":"Al-Bishry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mana 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