{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:33:18Z","timestamp":1787772798704,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Posterior urethral valves (PUVs) are a common cause of congenital bladder outlet obstruction and obstructive uropathy in male infants and are a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD)\/end-stage renal failure (ESRF) in the pediatric population. Despite this, it remains challenging to predict which patients will go on to develop CKD\/ESRF, and thus management and follow-up are left to the discretion of the treating department. Many different methods have been proposed to predict outcomes in these patients and several tools, including predictive scores and models, have been published. Here, we provide an up-to-date summary of the tools currently published. A comprehensive search of literature available on MEDLINE and Google Scholar was performed to identify scoring systems, predictive models, and predictive tools relating to progression to CKD\/ESRF\/bladder dysfunction in patients with PUVs. Six predictive tools were identified and so were included in the analysis. Three are based on clinical\/biochemical findings, 2 utilize machine learning\/artificial intelligence, and one is purely based on radiological findings. Three out of 6 have undergone some form of external validation. Four provide a numerical risk and 2 stratify patients into risk categories. There are currently 6 predictive tools that have been published that quantify the risk of developing long-term complications associated with PUVs. Further validation is required to establish these scores\/predictive models as a clinical standard of care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ua.ua_31_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:02:07Z","timestamp":1760698927000},"page":"223-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Atlas of predictive tools and scoring systems for outcomes in patients with posterior urethral valves: A comprehensive review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Leo Edward Fitzgerald","family":"Gradwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid Fouda","family":"Neel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Urology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah Khalid Fouda","family":"Neel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Urology, College of Medicine and King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhaskar K.","family":"Somani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2018.10.091","article-title":"Current epidemiology and antenatal presentation of posterior urethral valves: Outcome of BAPS CASS national audit","volume":"54","author":"Brownlee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"R2-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-023-06128-0","article-title":"Kidney disease progression in pediatric and adult posterior urethral valves (PUV) patients","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"R3-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw047","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in children","volume":"9","author":"Becherucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"R4-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081894","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in boys with posterior urethral valves-pathogenesis, prognosis and management","volume":"10","author":"Klaus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"R5-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0410-1","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in children: The 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Nephrol"},{"key":"R12-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-019-04390-9","article-title":"A single-center study to evaluate the efficacy of a fetal urine peptide signature predicting postnatal renal outcome in fetuses with posterior urethral valves","volume":"35","author":"Buffin-Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"R13-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz107","article-title":"The ANTENATAL multicentre study to predict postnatal renal outcome in fetuses with posterior urethral valves: Objectives and design","volume":"13","author":"Buffin-Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"R14-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2016.12.022","article-title":"Cystometrogram appearance in PUV is reliably quantified by the shape, wall, reflux and diverticuli (SWRD) score, and presages the need for intervention","volume":"13","author":"Niyogi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"R15-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4120-8","article-title":"Correlation between the estimated GFR and SWRD score in patients with posterior urethral valves at King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital","volume":"12","author":"Neyas","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"R16-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05677-0","article-title":"Deep learning imaging features derived from kidney ultrasounds predict chronic kidney disease progression in children with posterior urethral valves","volume":"38","author":"Weaver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"R17-20251017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-021-05321-3","article-title":"Posterior urethral valves outcomes prediction (PUVOP): A machine learning tool to predict 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