{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T16:16:19Z","timestamp":1772640979304,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0 http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    As one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, Parkinson\u2019s disease is a chronic, progressive, and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Despite the continuously improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and the identification of numerous potential therapeutic targets, Parkinson\u2019s disease management currently relies exclusively on symptomatic treatments that are incapable of halting or slowing down disease progression. The lack of preclinical models that are representative of human biology and physiology is one of the main factors attributed to the limited clinical translation of new therapies. With the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells and gene editing technology, complex and highly customizable\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models can be developed to mimic individual pathological characteristics and target specific patient groups, paving the way for personalized medicine approaches. This review summarizes recent developments in advanced\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    3D models of Parkinson\u2019s disease, with a focus on human cellular models of neurodegeneration that make use of spheroids, organoids, scaffold-based, and microfluidic platforms. Such intricate structures have allowed the recapitulation of key features of Parkinson\u2019s disease\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , including dopaminergic neuron degeneration, \u03b1-synuclein pathology, mitochondrial dysfunction, glial activation, and blood\u2013brain barrier disruption, thus constituting valuable assets in pharmacological and toxicological investigation. While\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    models cannot yet completely replace animal experimentation in preclinical research, they represent an important step forward in reducing the number of animals used and obtaining human and patient-specific cellular responses, which may contribute to the successful translation of new disease-modifying therapies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-25-00356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T07:00:14Z","timestamp":1772607614000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advanced three-dimensional in vitro models for Parkinson\u2019s disease research"],"prefix":"10.4103","author":[{"given":"Anabela","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK"},{"name":"UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, UK"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK"},{"name":"UCL Centre for Nerve Engineering, London, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3806-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ant\u00f3nio J.","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal"},{"name":"ICVS\/3B\u2019s PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga\/Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-25-00356","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T11:00:10Z","timestamp":1772622010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-25-00356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-25-00356","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-17","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}