{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:04:56Z","timestamp":1791216296693,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ\ufffdHealth\ufffdInsights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiology has indicated a possible increase in lung cancer among stainless steel welders. Chromium (Cr) is a primary component of stainless steel welding fume. There is an initiative to develop alternative welding consumables [nickel (Ni)- and copper (Cu)-based alloys] that do not contain Cr. No study has been performed to evaluate the toxicity of fumes generated from Ni- and Cu-based consumables. Dose-response and time-course effects on lung toxicity of a Ni- and Cu-based welding fume (Ni-Cu WF) were examined using an in vivo and in vitro bioassay, and compared with two other well-characterized welding fumes. Even though only trace amounts of Cr were present, a persistent increase in lung injury and inflammation was observed for the Ni-Cu WF compared to the other fumes. The difference in response appears to be due to a direct cytotoxic effect by the Ni-Cu WF sample on lung macrophages as opposed to an elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4137\/ehi.s15260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,15]],"date-time":"2014-10-15T18:38:53Z","timestamp":1413398333000},"page":"EHI.S15260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evaluation of the Pulmonary Toxicity of a Fume Generated from a Nickel-, Copper-Based Electrode to be Used as a Substitute in Stainless Steel Welding"],"prefix":"10.4137","volume":"8s1","author":[{"given":"James M.","family":"Antonini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa 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