{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:53:37Z","timestamp":1789044817248,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Environ\ufffdHealth\ufffdInsights"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"\n Carbon disulfide (CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) has been historically associated with the production of rayon, cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride. This study identifies multiple mechanisms by which CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n contributes to the formation of CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n in the atmosphere. CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and other associated sulfide compounds were found by this study to be present in emissions from unconventional shale gas extraction and processing (E&P) operations. The breakdown products of CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ; carbonyl sulfide (COS), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) are indirect greenhouse gases (GHGs) that contribute to CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n levels in the atmosphere. The heat-trapping nature of CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n has been found to increase the surface temperature, resulting in regional and global climate change. The purpose of this study is to identify five mechanisms by which CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and the breakdown products of CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n contribute to atmospheric concentrations of CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . The five mechanisms of CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n formation are as follows:\n <\/jats:p>\n \n 1. Chemical Interaction of CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and hydrogen sulfide (H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n S) present in natural gas at high temperatures, resulting in CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n formation;\n <\/jats:p>\n \n 2. Combustion of CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n in the presence of oxygen producing SO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ;\n <\/jats:p>\n \n 3. Photolysis of CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n leading to the formation of COS, CO, and SO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , which are indirect contributors to CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n formation;\n <\/jats:p>\n \n 4. One-step hydrolysis of CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , producing reactive intermediates and ultimately forming H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n S and CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ;\n <\/jats:p>\n \n 5. Two-step hydrolysis of CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n forming the reactive COS intermediate that reacts with an additional water molecule, ultimately forming H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n S and CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . CS\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and COS additionally are implicated in the formation of SO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n in the stratosphere and\/or troposphere. SO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n is an indirect contributor to CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n formation and is implicated in global climate change.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4137\/ehi.s15667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,10]],"date-time":"2015-05-10T18:16:57Z","timestamp":1431281817000},"page":"EHI.S15667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Carbon Disulfide (CS\n 2<\/sub>\n ) Mechanisms in Formation of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO\n 2<\/sub>\n ) Formation from Unconventional Shale Gas Extraction and Processing Operations and Global Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.4137","volume":"9s1","author":[{"given":"Alisa L.","family":"Rich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay T.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-EHI.S15667","first-page":"1","volume-title":"WHO Air Quality Guide for Europe.","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr2-EHI.S15667","volume-title":"Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) on Carbon Disulfide.","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr3-EHI.S15667","volume-title":"Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Carbon Disulfide.","author":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr5-EHI.S15667","volume-title":"Occupational, Industrial and Environmental Toxicology.","author":"Greenberg M.I.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr8-EHI.S15667","volume-title":"The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals.","author":"Susan B.","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr9-EHI.S15667","volume-title":"Carbon Disulfide Emission Control Options.","author":"U.S. EPA.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr11-EHI.S15667","volume-title":"Cooper's Toxic Exposure Desk Reference.","author":"Andre R.C.","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr12-EHI.S15667","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/6\/4\/044008"},{"key":"bibr13-EHI.S15667","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/7\/4\/044030"},{"key":"bibr14-EHI.S15667","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2013.832713"},{"key":"bibr18-EHI.S15667","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2007.09.001"},{"key":"bibr25-EHI.S15667","first-page":"364","volume-title":"Hamilton & Hardys Industrial Toxicology.","author":"Harbison 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