{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:39:49Z","timestamp":1777516789542,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Cent Nerv Syst Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Currently available therapies are symptomatic but do not alter underlying disease progression. Immunotherapeutic approaches such as anti A\u03b2 peptide active vaccination trials have had limited success to date. Intravenous immunoblobulin (IVIg) is widely used in immune-mediated neurological disorders such myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barre syndrome. These preparations have been obtained from the pooled plasma of healthy human donors and contain natural anti-amyloid antibodies and are well tolerated. A small pilot study of passive immunotherapy using IVIg has suggested cognitive improvement. A multicenter phase III trial is ongoing and will determine whether or not this treatment can ameliorate cognitive deficits in mild-to-moderate AD. Here, we briefly review the pathogenic role of amyloid and tau in AD, as well as immunotherapeutic efforts to date. We also summarize what is known about naturally occurring anti-A\u03b2 and tau antibodies in IVIg with a view toward explaining potential mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4137\/jcnsd.s5018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,8]],"date-time":"2011-05-08T16:58:43Z","timestamp":1304873923000},"page":"JCNSD.S5018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Alzheimers Disease: Review of Emerging Treatment Role for Intravenous Immunoglobulins"],"prefix":"10.4137","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Rakez","family":"Kayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA."},{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George R.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA."},{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. Mark","family":"Estes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan D.T.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70257-X"},{"key":"bibr2-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.741"},{"key":"bibr3-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1072994"},{"key":"bibr4-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132813"},{"key":"bibr5-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2008.02.005"},{"key":"bibr6-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.200700140"},{"key":"bibr7-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/bc.2010.089"},{"key":"bibr8-JCNSD.S5018","first-page":"27","volume":"11","author":"Kovacs T","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol Hung"},{"key":"bibr9-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2008.05.010"},{"key":"bibr10-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20156"},{"key":"bibr11-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2194"},{"key":"bibr12-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.11.001"},{"key":"bibr13-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurt.2008.05.006"},{"key":"bibr14-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0486-3"},{"key":"bibr15-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1358\/dnp.1998.11.1.863668"},{"key":"bibr16-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450043345254"},{"key":"bibr17-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)91150-9"},{"key":"bibr18-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi061830d"},{"key":"bibr19-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.6.5.683"},{"key":"bibr20-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406361102"},{"key":"bibr21-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200802621"},{"key":"bibr22-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156720510791050885"},{"key":"bibr23-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156720509789207930"},{"key":"bibr24-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2361-07.2007"},{"key":"bibr25-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.05.010"},{"key":"bibr26-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2009.05.001"},{"key":"bibr27-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-009-0236-2"},{"key":"bibr28-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/22124"},{"key":"bibr29-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61075-2"},{"key":"bibr30-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jnen.0000240466.10758.ce"},{"key":"bibr31-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1843"},{"key":"bibr32-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70043-0"},{"key":"bibr33-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn938"},{"key":"bibr34-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm840"},{"key":"bibr35-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn261"},{"key":"bibr36-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.12.021"},{"key":"bibr37-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2009.03.011"},{"key":"bibr38-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.033399"},{"key":"bibr39-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-200724020-00003"},{"key":"bibr40-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2008-15404"},{"key":"bibr41-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wad.0000213810.89681.a5"},{"key":"bibr42-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.31.060407.125529"},{"key":"bibr43-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05064.x"},{"key":"bibr44-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000090365"},{"key":"bibr45-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156720510790274437"},{"key":"bibr46-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-0362(02)00312-4"},{"key":"bibr47-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.75.101304.123901"},{"key":"bibr48-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-2-18"},{"key":"bibr49-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079469"},{"key":"bibr50-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2004.08.009"},{"key":"bibr51-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-140-36504"},{"key":"bibr52-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.111.1.10","volume":"111","author":"Linke RP","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"bibr53-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/gzn052"},{"key":"bibr54-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703793104"},{"key":"bibr55-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/gzl036"},{"key":"bibr56-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2101"},{"key":"bibr57-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2008-14406"},{"key":"bibr58-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.78.082907.145410"},{"key":"bibr59-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.04.017"},{"key":"bibr60-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R800016200"},{"key":"bibr61-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.21110"},{"key":"bibr62-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904866106"},{"key":"bibr63-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.10.1459"},{"key":"bibr64-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/78078"},{"key":"bibr65-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010100423"},{"key":"bibr66-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.6.12.1887"},{"key":"bibr67-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05294.x"},{"key":"bibr68-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1530287100"},{"key":"bibr69-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0357006"},{"key":"bibr70-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00157-3"},{"key":"bibr71-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19970415)48:2<128::AID-JNR5>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"bibr72-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.01.072"},{"key":"bibr73-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157015909790031166"},{"key":"bibr74-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04022.x"},{"key":"bibr75-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-009-8155-9"},{"key":"bibr76-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2009.04025.x"},{"key":"bibr77-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181ae7aaf"},{"key":"bibr78-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11533070-000000000-00000"},{"key":"bibr79-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.04.010"},{"key":"bibr80-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg191"},{"key":"bibr81-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04214.x"},{"key":"bibr82-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2008.03.007"},{"key":"bibr83-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.10.005"},{"key":"bibr84-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.01.018"},{"key":"bibr85-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2010.06.010"},{"key":"bibr86-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410106"},{"key":"bibr87-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2008.03.043"},{"key":"bibr88-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M808591200"},{"key":"bibr89-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.316.5830.1416"},{"key":"bibr90-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06511.x"},{"key":"bibr91-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S181","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23162","volume":"25","author":"Lasagna-Reeves CA","year":"2010","journal-title":"Movement Disorders"},{"key":"bibr92-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1323"},{"key":"bibr93-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4637-04.2005"},{"key":"bibr94-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.01.010"},{"key":"bibr95-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0587-07.2007"},{"key":"bibr96-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050840"},{"key":"bibr97-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi061359o"},{"key":"bibr98-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2005.11.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr99-JCNSD.S5018","first-page":"79","volume":"97","author":"Duhem C","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"bibr100-JCNSD.S5018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157488607779315480"}],"container-title":["Journal of Central Nervous System Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4137\/JCNSD.S5018","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.4137\/JCNSD.S5018","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4137\/JCNSD.S5018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:00:03Z","timestamp":1777392003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.4137\/JCNSD.S5018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["10.4137\/JCNSD.S5018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/jcnsd.s5018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-5735","1179-5735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-5735","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-5735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]}}}