{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:07:59Z","timestamp":1780603679281,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ophthalmol Eye Dis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Herpes simplex keratitis (HSK) is a major cause of corneal blindness in the world. Following the primary infection, the virus enters into a latent phase. Recurrent infectious or immune keratitis cause structural damage to the cornea, scarring, and may lead to blindness. Several commercially available topical and oral antiviral drugs for HSK are currently available. However, toxicity and low patient compliance hamper their use in HSK. Further, oral antiviral drugs alone are not always effective in HSK. Thus, there had been a need for safe and effective topical antiviral agents against HSK. Systemic ganciclovir has been in use for the treatment of cytomegalovirus infections. Recently, topical ganciclovir has become available for use in patients with HSK. Ganciclovir 0.15% ophthalmic gel has been shown to be both safe and effective against viruses of the herpes family. Topical ganciclovir ophthalmic gel is well tolerated and does not cause significant toxic effects on the ocular surface. Several multicenter studies have revealed the potential role of ganciclovir ophthalmic gel in the treatment and prophylaxis of epithelial HSK. In this paper, we have reviewed the pharmacology, efficacy, side effects, and the role of ganciclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15% in the treatment of acute herpetic keratitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4137\/oed.s7267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,19]],"date-time":"2012-04-19T17:23:26Z","timestamp":1334856206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Acute Herpetic Keratitis: What is the Role for Ganciclovir Ophthalmic Gel?"],"prefix":"10.4137","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Afsun","family":"Sahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Surface Imaging Center, Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA."},{"name":"Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical School, Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedram","family":"Hamrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ocular Surface Imaging Center, Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-OED.S7267","unstructured":"HollandE.J., BrilakisH.S., SchwartzG.S. Herpes Simplex Keratitis. In: KrachmerJ.H., MannisM.J., HollandE.J., editors. Cornea: Elsevier Mosby, 2005; 1."},{"key":"bibr2-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199903000-00002"},{"key":"bibr3-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/newbio235216a0"},{"key":"bibr4-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9071(199706)52:2<136::AID-JMV3>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"bibr5-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(76)90090-4"},{"key":"bibr6-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2005.10.008"},{"key":"bibr7-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200101000-00001"},{"key":"bibr8-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689109020366"},{"key":"bibr9-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020226030"},{"key":"bibr10-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1989.01070020221029"},{"key":"bibr11-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199903000-00001"},{"key":"bibr12-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01317829"},{"key":"bibr13-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02307009"},{"key":"bibr14-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688709020097"},{"key":"bibr15-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00331a001"},{"key":"bibr16-OED.S7267","first-page":"512","volume":"3","author":"Kaufman H.E.","year":"1964","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bibr17-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.145.3632.585"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr18-OED.S7267","first-page":"46","volume":"22","author":"Trifluridine (viroptic) for herpetic keratitis.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Med Lett Drugs Ther."},{"key":"bibr19-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.1980.tb04573.x"},{"key":"bibr20-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1978.03910060351011"},{"key":"bibr21-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(84)90004-4"},{"key":"bibr22-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.116.6.777"},{"key":"bibr23-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.66.8.506"},{"key":"bibr24-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00158011"},{"key":"bibr25-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(79)90360-X"},{"key":"bibr26-OED.S7267","first-page":"CD002898","volume":"1","author":"Wilhelmus K.R.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)"},{"key":"bibr27-OED.S7267","first-page":"CD002898","volume":"12","author":"Wilhelmus K.R.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online)."},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr28-OED.S7267","first-page":"441","volume":"1","author":"Colin J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bibr29-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11207240-000000000-00000"},{"key":"bibr30-OED.S7267","first-page":"505","volume":"98","author":"Wilhelmus K.R.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc."},{"key":"bibr31-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S8666"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr32-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-198937030-00002","volume":"37","author":"O'Brien J.J.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Drugs."},{"key":"bibr33-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00836-08"},{"key":"bibr34-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.10.9.1745"},{"key":"bibr35-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200161080-00016"},{"key":"bibr36-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199856010-00012"},{"key":"bibr37-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-9209-6_11"},{"key":"bibr38-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199039040-00008"},{"key":"bibr39-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808902300101"},{"key":"bibr40-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199609053351007"},{"key":"bibr41-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199409000-00011"},{"key":"bibr42-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.336"},{"key":"bibr43-OED.S7267","unstructured":"Zirgan package insert. http:\/\/www.bausch.com\/en\/ECP\/Our-Products\/Rx-Pharmaceuticals\/Rx-Pharmaceuticals-ECP\/Zirgan-ECP; v. 2011."},{"key":"bibr44-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.Supplement_3.S490"},{"key":"bibr45-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.05.002"},{"key":"bibr46-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S6700"},{"key":"bibr47-OED.S7267","first-page":"3","year":"2010","journal-title":"Roche Laboratories\u2013-Cytovene IV\/Cytovene Complete Product Information"},{"key":"bibr48-OED.S7267","author":"Teoh S.C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"bibr49-OED.S7267","unstructured":"AHFS Drug Information, 2004."},{"key":"bibr50-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(85)90040-3"},{"key":"bibr51-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.23.5.676"},{"key":"bibr52-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688409011747"},{"key":"bibr53-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.1994.10.439"},{"key":"bibr54-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-199707000-00004"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr55-OED.S7267","first-page":"441","volume":"1","author":"Colin J.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"bibr56-OED.S7267","unstructured":"Clirophta. 1994b. Cin\u00e9tique du ganciclovir dans les larmes, apres instillations multiples d'un gel ophtalmique de ganciclovir 0,15%, Virgan, chez le volontaire sain. Nice, France: Rapport clinique Virgan\/F-94-02. Dossier d'AMM."},{"key":"bibr57-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/ps050215"},{"key":"bibr58-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.26.3.175.14895"},{"key":"bibr59-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1208\/pt040345"},{"key":"bibr60-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.10072"},{"key":"bibr61-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(84)90014-7"},{"key":"bibr62-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2005.21.463"},{"key":"bibr63-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.26.3.151.14893"},{"key":"bibr64-OED.S7267","unstructured":"Clirophta. 1994a. Evaluation de la tol\u00e9rance locale chez le volontaire sain, apr\u00e8s instillations multiples d'un gel ophtalmique de ganciclovir 0,15%, Virgan. Nice, France: Rapport clinique Virgan\/F-94-01. Dossier d'AMM."},{"key":"bibr65-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/USOR.2007.03.00.52"},{"key":"bibr66-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eop.09.25"},{"key":"bibr67-OED.S7267","unstructured":"Transphyto. 1993a. Etude clinique comparative multicentrique de l'effet de l'instillation de GV 550 dans l'herpes corn\u00e9en superficiel. Clermont- Ferrand, France: Rapport clinique No. 42-2.GV 550\/02.90. Dossier d'AMM."},{"key":"bibr68-OED.S7267","unstructured":"Transphyto. 1993b. Etude clinique comparative multicentrique de l'effet del'instillation de GV 550 dans l'herpes corn\u00e9en superficiel. Clermont-Ferrand, France: Rapport clinique No. 44.GV 550\/12.90-46.GV 550\/07.90. Dossier d'AMM."},{"key":"bibr69-OED.S7267","unstructured":"Transphyto. 1993c. Etude clinique comparative randomis\u00e9e en simple insu de l'effet de l'instillation de ganciclovir gel ophtalmique dans le traitement de l'herpes corn\u00e9en superficiel. Clermont-Ferrand, France: Rapport clinique No. 47.GV 550\/09.90. Dossier d'AMM."},{"key":"bibr70-OED.S7267","unstructured":"Transphyto. 1994. Etude multicentrique comparative de l'effet de l'instillation de Virgan dans l'herpes corn\u00e9en superficiel. Clermont-Ferrand, France: Rapport clinique No. 64GV 550\/04.92-66GV 550\/06.92. Dossier d'AMM."},{"key":"bibr71-OED.S7267","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration 022211 Medical Review(s): ganciclovir ophthalmic gel 0.15%. Available at: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2009\/022211_zirgan_toc.cfm. Accessed Dec 21, 2011."},{"key":"bibr72-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.2.140"},{"key":"bibr73-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020101200305"},{"key":"bibr74-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-7646(02)00021-3"},{"key":"bibr75-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.1.114-128.2003"},{"key":"bibr76-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.4.868"},{"key":"bibr77-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2007.03449.x"},{"key":"bibr78-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590668"},{"key":"bibr79-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.74.5.286"},{"key":"bibr80-OED.S7267","volume-title":"Drug Approval Package Zirgan (ganciclovir ophthalmic gel) 0.15% Company"},{"key":"bibr81-OED.S7267","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.121.1.108"}],"container-title":["Ophthalmology and Eye Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4137\/OED.S7267","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.4137\/OED.S7267","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4137\/OED.S7267","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:57:12Z","timestamp":1777615032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.4137\/OED.S7267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.4137\/OED.S7267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/oed.s7267","relation":{},"ISSN":["1179-1721","1179-1721"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1179-1721","type":"print"},{"value":"1179-1721","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"article-number":"OED.S7267"}}