{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:41:00Z","timestamp":1777891260203,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,1]],"date-time":"2010-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1262304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Subst\ufffdAbuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Here we describe the first report of using low-cost cellular or web-based digital cameras to image and quantify standardized rapid immunoassay strips as a new point-of-care diagnostic and forensics tool with health applications. Quantitative ratiometric pixel density analysis (QRPDA) is an automated method requiring end-users to utilize inexpensive (~ $1 USD\/each) immunotest strips, a commonly available web or mobile phone camera or scanner, and internet or cellular service. A model is described whereby a central computer server and freely available IMAGEJ image analysis software records and analyzes the incoming image data with time-stamp and geo-tag information and performs the QRPDA using custom JAVA based macros ( http:\/\/www.neurocloud.org ). To demonstrate QRPDA we developed a standardized method using rapid immunotest strips directed against cocaine and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine. Images from standardized samples were acquired using several devices, including a mobile phone camera, web cam, and scanner. We performed image analysis of three brands of commercially available dye-conjugated anti-cocaine\/benzoylecgonine (COC\/BE) antibody test strips in response to three different series of cocaine concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 300 ng\/ml and BE concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 0.1 ng\/ml. This data was then used to create standard curves to allow quantification of COC\/BE in biological samples. Across all devices, QRPDA quantification of COC and BE proved to be a sensitive, economical, and faster alternative to more costly methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, or high pressure liquid chromatography. The limit of detection was determined to be between 0.1 and 5 ng\/ml. To simulate conditions in the field, QRPDA was found to be robust under a variety of image acquisition and testing conditions that varied temperature, lighting, resolution, magnification and concentrations of biological fluid in a sample. To determine the effectiveness of the QRPDA method for quantifying cocaine in biological samples, mice were injected with a sub-locomotor activating dose of cocaine (5 mg\/kg; i.p.) and were found to have detectable levels of COC\/BE in their urine (160.6 ng\/ml) and blood plasma (8.1 ng\/ml) after 15\u201330 minutes. By comparison rats self-administering cocaine in a 4 hour session obtained a final BE blood plasma level of 910 ng\/ml with an average of 62.5 infusions. It is concluded that automated QRPDA is a low-cost, rapid and highly sensitive method for the detection of COC\/BE with health, forensics, and bioinformatics application and the potential to be used with other rapid immunotest strips directed at several other targets. Thus, this report serves as a general reference and method describing the use of image analysis of lateral flow rapid test strips.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4137\/sart.s5025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,30]],"date-time":"2011-03-30T22:51:25Z","timestamp":1301525485000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cellular Phone-Based Image Acquisition and Quantitative Ratiometric Method for Detecting Cocaine and Benzoylecgonine for Biological and Forensic Applications"],"prefix":"10.4137","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Brian A.","family":"Cadle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder. 1480 30th St. Boulder, CO 80303."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin C.","family":"Rasmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder. 1480 30th St. Boulder, CO 80303."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan A.","family":"Varela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder. 1480 30th St. Boulder, CO 80303."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leah S.","family":"Leverich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder. 1480 30th St. Boulder, CO 80303."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casey E.","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder. 1480 30th St. Boulder, CO 80303."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan K.","family":"Bachtell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder. 1480 30th St. Boulder, CO 80303."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald C.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder. 1480 30th St. Boulder, CO 80303."},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder. 1480 30th St. Boulder, CO 80303."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-SART.S5025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006320"},{"key":"bibr2-SART.S5025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.141.2.254"},{"key":"bibr3-SART.S5025","first-page":"3274","volume":"5","author":"Gollol Raju N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol 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