{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:28:24Z","timestamp":1789810104089,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Subst\ufffdAbuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n It has been almost three decades since tramadol was introduced to the market as a centrally acting analgesic. It is claimed to have weak opioid properties and a low dependence potential in opioid-addicted patients. This study was designed to investigate the suspicion of potential tramadol abuse among patients visiting pharmacies in Babol, one of the major cities in northern Iran.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Under supervision by pharmacists, a questionnaire designed to monitor drug abuse was filled out for every patient who requested tramadol from Babol's pharmacies during 6 months (Aug. 2007 till Feb. 2008). The data obtained were used to derive descriptive statistics and to make a comparison with results from other countries.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Of 162 patients (or someone on their behalf) who had sought tramadol from a pharmacy, 92 (56%) patients did not have a prescription. At least 103 (64%) patients reported criteria for addiction (ie, for feeling of psychological well being, unable to cease taking the drug, more than two weeks of tramadol use). In total, 145 (89%) patients were aged younger than 30 years, and 90 (55%) patients were aged younger than 18 years. More than 63% of patients reported a history of addiction or drug abuse. Most of the patients with no prescription (88%) had abuse\/addiction criteria.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Patients who request tramadol from pharmacies in Babol seem to have a high potential for drug abuse, in particular those who do not have prescriptions. The high prevalence of people under 18 years of age seeking tramadol could be a worldwide trend. We recommend further governmental support for pharmacies to deal with tramadol abusers in northern Iran.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4137\/sart.s6174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,4]],"date-time":"2017-10-04T07:57:20Z","timestamp":1507103840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Potential for Tramadol Abuse by Patients Visiting Pharmacies in Northern Iran"],"prefix":"10.4137","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Zabihi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aateffeh","family":"Hoseinzaadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Emami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdieh","family":"Mardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baradaran","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moghadamnia Ali","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-SART.S6174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.CR0060032"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr2-SART.S6174","first-page":"199","volume":"28","author":"Arend I.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr3-SART.S6174","first-page":"122","volume":"28","author":"Friderichs E.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr4-SART.S6174","first-page":"152","volume":"28","author":"Murano T.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr5-SART.S6174","first-page":"158","volume":"28","author":"Yanagita T.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung."},{"key":"bibr6-SART.S6174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(91)90081-9"},{"key":"bibr7-SART.S6174","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. 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