{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:30:26Z","timestamp":1787031026829,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]],"date-time":"2015-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1420070400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virology\ufffd(Auckl)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B and C are serious public health problems worldwide. Thalassemia patients are dependent on blood transfusions throughout their life and are at high risk of viral infections. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B\/C infections and different clinical parameters in multitransfused thalassemia population. In this study, 262 multitransfused \u03b2-thalassemia patients were enrolled from the capital twin cities of Pakistan. The presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)\/hepatitis C virus (HCV), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, serum creatinine, serum ferritin, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and splenectomy were analyzed. The overall prevalence of HBV and HCV was 3.08% and 55.73%, respectively, with 100% of patients older than 20 years had HCV infection. The ALT levels among HBV- and HCV-positive thalassemia patients were 92.62 \u00b1 41.57 U\/L and 98 \u00b1 63.65 U\/L, respectively; creatinine values observed were 0.4 \u00b1 0.35 mg\/dL (for HBV) and 0.39 \u00b1 0.24 mg\/dL (for HCV), while serum ferritin levels were 6865.87 \u00b1 1649.13 ng\/dL (for HBV) and 5445.95 \u00b1 3059.28 ng\/dL (for HCV). A total of 74.8% and 82.20% of HBV- and HCV-positive patients had hepatomegaly with an average increase in liver size of 4.17 and 4.33 cm, respectively. Splenomegaly was observed in 64.9% and 67.12% of HBV- and HCV-positive patients with an average increase in spleen size of 4 and 4.46 cm, respectively. Splenectomy was observed among 14.50% and 15.75% of HBV- and HCV-infected thalassemia patients. There is a strong need to properly screen blood before transfusions to reduce the future load of viral hepatitis from Pakistan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4137\/vrt.s31744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]],"date-time":"2015-11-05T15:53:45Z","timestamp":1446738825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Estimation of Hepatitis B Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, and Different Clinical Parameters in the Thalassemic Population of Capital Twin Cities of Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.4137","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Umar","family":"Saeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasir","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan."},{"name":"Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, DHA Phase I, Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usman","family":"Waheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safe Blood Transfusion Programme, Ministry of National Health Services, Government of Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Anjum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Sohail","family":"Afzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan."},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-VRT.S31744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(03)00378-7"},{"key":"bibr2-VRT.S31744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.2003.00487.x"},{"key":"bibr3-VRT.S31744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/abm-2010-0069"},{"key":"bibr4-VRT.S31744","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21252"},{"key":"bibr5-VRT.S31744","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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