{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T14:11:48Z","timestamp":1764079908054},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society of Consultant Pharmacists","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["sr care pharm"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Objective<\/jats:bold> \n   To review the pharmacotherapy of prescription drugs approved for treatment of chronic dry eye disease (DED). A brief background on DED management and the pharmacist\u2019s role for care is included.  \n   <jats:bold>Data Sources<\/jats:bold> \n   Articles indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Iowa Drug Information Service, Cochrane Reviews and Trials, and Google Scholar in the past 10 years using the key words 'dry eye' 'dry eye and treatment' 'cyclosporine' 'lifitegrast' and 'varenicline'. Current\n guidelines and manufacturers' prescribing information were reviewed. Primary sources were used to locate additional resources.  \n <jats:bold>Study Selection\/Data Extraction<\/jats:bold> \n Sixty-five publications were reviewed, and criteria supporting the objectives identified useful resources.  \n <jats:bold>Data Synthesis<\/jats:bold> \n Selected literature included practice guidelines, review articles, research articles, product prescribing information, and drug information databases.  \n <jats:bold>Conclusion<\/jats:bold> \nPatient education, eliminating causative factors, improving the daily environment\n for eye health, and using ocular lubricants are the first steps in DED management. A therapeutic mainstay is ocular lubricants; preservative-free formulations are recommended for chronic or repeated daily use. The Food and Drug Administration approved prescription medications for chronic use\n for DED, cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion and solution, lifitegrast ophthalmic solution, and varenicline nasal spray, all improve signs and symptoms but do not cure DED. The ophthalmic products all cause ocular discomfort upon instillation. As a nasal spray, varenicline does not cause ocular\n discomfort, but it can cause sneezing, cough, and throat and nose irritation in some patients. Pharmacists have an opportunity to provide patient education regarding lifestyle modifications to mitigate DED and provide counseling on available products. Emerging therapies may provide advances\n in DED treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4140\/tcp.n.2023.239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,26]],"date-time":"2023-05-26T10:51:43Z","timestamp":1685098303000},"page":"239-251","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dry Eye Disease: Focus on Prescription Therapy"],"prefix":"10.4140","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Leisa L.","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renee L.","family":"Hayslett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mercer University College of Pharmacy, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2625","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","first-page":"PPP286","article-title":"on behalf of the American Academy of Ophthalmology Preferred Practice Pattern Corneal and External Disease Panel. 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Ocul Surf."},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"2022","volume-title":"Restasis (cyclosporine) (prescribing information).","volume":"29","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00176-1","article-title":"Two multicenter, randomized studies of the efficacy and safety of cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion in moderate to severe dry eye disease.","volume":"107","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2009.0105","article-title":"Safety and pharmacokinetics of a novel lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 antagonist ophthalmic solution (SAR 1118) in healthy adults.","volume":"27","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Ocul Pharmacol Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.09.015","article-title":"Lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5.0% for treatment of dry eye disease: results of the OPUS-1 phase 3 study.","volume":"121","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"issue":"5","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00035-X","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cyclosporine A ophthalmic emulsion in the treatment of moderate-to-severe dry eye disease: a dose-ranging, randomized trial.","volume":"107","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology."},{"key":"ref24","volume-title":"Tyrvaya (varenicline) (prescribing information)."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.11.004","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of OC-01 (varenicline solution) nasal spray on signs and symptoms of dry eye disease. 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Cornea."},{"key":"ref27","volume-title":"Cequa (cyclosporine) (prescribing information)."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S175065","article-title":"A phase II\/III, randomized, double-masked, vehicle-controlled, dose-ranging study of the safety and efficacy of OTX-101 in the treatment of dry eye disease.","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S115098","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2014.12.006","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of topical 0.05% cyclosporine eye drops in the treatment of dry eye syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ocul 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