{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T04:31:10Z","timestamp":1791952270046,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]],"date-time":"2005-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1120176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,1]],"date-time":"2005-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1120176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aacejournalendocrinepractice.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"DOI":"10.4158\/ep.11.4.272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]],"date-time":"2013-04-05T21:34:15Z","timestamp":1365197655000},"page":"272-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Calcium Carbonate Toxicity: The Updated Milk-Alkali Syndrome; Report of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Michalis K.","family":"Picolos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip R.","family":"Orlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-97-2-242","article-title":"The milk-alkali syndrome: current concepts","volume":"97","author":"Orwoll","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-5-800","article-title":"The milk-alkali syndrome, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone [letter]","volume":"105","author":"Dorsch","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1993.00410080065011","article-title":"The milk-alkali syndrome: a reversible form of acute renal failure","volume":"153","author":"Abreo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"issue":"800","key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0020","first-page":"807","article-title":"Iatrogenic recurrent severe hypercalcaemia and renal impairment","volume":"76","author":"Sulkin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1177\/003693308703200214","article-title":"Failure to diagnose the milk-alkali syndrome","volume":"32","author":"Canning","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scott Med J."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1915.02570460001001","article-title":"Gastric and duodenal ulcer: medical cure by an efficient removal of gastric juice corrosion","volume":"64","author":"Sippy","year":"1915","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1923.00110140023003","article-title":"Toxic manifestations following the alkaline treatment of peptic ulcer","volume":"31","author":"Hardt","year":"1923","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0040","first-page":"287","article-title":"Base changes in the alkalosis produced by the treatment of gastric ulcer with alkalies","volume":"2","author":"Cope","year":"1936","journal-title":"Clin Sci."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6465.378","volume":"290","author":"Jamieson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hypercalcaemia. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1986.00360220119021","article-title":"Milk-alkali syndrome in patients treated with calcium carbonate after cardiac transplantation","volume":"146","author":"Kapsner","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199503000-00004","article-title":"Milk-alkali syndrome associated with calcium carbonate consumption: report of 7 patients with parathyroid hormone levels and an estimate of prevalence among patients hospitalized with hypercalcemia","volume":"74","author":"Beall","year":"1995","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199409000-00010","article-title":"Case report: milk-alkali syndrome and pancreatitis","volume":"308","author":"Brandwein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/00003072-199403000-00008","article-title":"Increased skeletal uptake of Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate in milk-alkali syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Campbell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Nucl Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0070","first-page":"4180","article-title":"The milk-alkali syndrome behind hypercalcemia: careful drug anamnesis is important [article in Swedish]","volume":"91","author":"Torgerson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lakartidningen."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80114-4","article-title":"Milk-alkali syndrome with metastatic calcification","volume":"99","author":"Duthie","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0080","first-page":"517","article-title":"Hypercalcemia and alkalosis due to the milk-alkali syndrome: a case report and review","volume":"69","author":"Fiorino","year":"1996","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(96)90552-1","article-title":"Rolaids-yogurt syndrome: a 1990s version of milk-alkali syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Muldowney","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1159\/000189124","article-title":"Milk-alkali syndrome in an aged patient with osteoporosis and fractures [letter]","volume":"73","author":"Lin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephron."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1043100","article-title":"The milk-alkali syndrome\u2014a rare differential diagnosis for hypercalcemia [article in German]","volume":"121","author":"Olschewski","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659609013839","article-title":"The milk-alkali syndrome caused by betelnuts in oyster shell paste","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Toxicol Clin Toxicol."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1136\/pmj.76.897.422","article-title":"Milk alkali syndrome\u2014an unusual syndrome causing an unusual complication","volume":"76","author":"George","year":"2000","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(00)00206-7","article-title":"Ingestion of antacid tablets (Rennie) and acute confusion","volume":"19","author":"Vanpee","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Emerg Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0306-5251.2001.01431.x","article-title":"Recommended dose antacids and severe hypercalcaemia [letter]","volume":"52","author":"Camidge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.2.425","article-title":"Hypercalcaemia and acute renal failure","volume":"16","author":"Gunda","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0125","first-page":"1781","article-title":"Acute renal failure caused by hypercalcemia [article in Norwegian]","volume":"121","author":"Skjonsberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(02)00450-X","article-title":"A young woman with altered mental status","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Emerg Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.5.708","article-title":"Hypercalcaemia and metabolic alkalosis with betel nut chewing: emphasis on its integrative pathophysiology","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0140","first-page":"132","article-title":"Milk alkali syndrome","volume":"71","author":"McGuinness","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ulster Med J."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1942.00200170071006","article-title":"Alkalosis complicating the Sippy regimen of peptic ulcer","volume":"69","author":"Kirsner","year":"1942","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(19)35627-6","article-title":"The milk-alkali syndrome: hypercalcemia, alkalosis and azotemia following calcium carbonate and milk therapy of peptic ulcer","volume":"33","author":"Wenger","year":"1957","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-196511000-00002","article-title":"The milk alkali syndrome: a study of the acute disorder with comments on the development of the chronic condition","volume":"44","author":"McMillan","year":"1965","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194905192402001","article-title":"Hypercalcemia without hypercalciuria or hypophosphatemia, calcinosis and renal insufficiency: a syndrome following prolonged intake of milk and alkali","volume":"240","author":"Burnett","year":"1949","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1963.tb17426.x","article-title":"The milk-alkali syndrome: a report of three illustrative cases and a review of the literature","volume":"173","author":"Punsar","year":"1963","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-7-9-644","article-title":"Conjunctival and corneal lesions in hypercalcemia","volume":"7","author":"Walsh","year":"1947","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197909063011008","article-title":"Urinary calcium excretion in human beings","volume":"301","author":"Bleich","year":"1979","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-48-6-1008","article-title":"The effects of oral CaCO3 loading and dietary calcium deprivation on plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy adults","volume":"48","author":"Adams","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(61)90319-2","article-title":"The effect of ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate on the urinary excretion of magnesium, calcium, and phosphate","volume":"62","author":"Martin","year":"1961","journal-title":"Am Heart J."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0190","first-page":"311","article-title":"The effect of intravenous parathyroid extract on urinary pH, bicarbonate and electrolyte excretion","volume":"19","author":"Nordin","year":"1960","journal-title":"Clin Sci."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0195","first-page":"264","article-title":"Effects of metabolic alkalosis on calcium excretion in the conscious dog","volume":"101","author":"Marone","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1979.67","article-title":"Effects of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis on sodium and calcium transport in the dog kidney","volume":"15","author":"Sutton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1978.03630290069022","article-title":"Hypercalcemic nephropathy","volume":"138","author":"Benabe","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med."},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0210","first-page":"F451","article-title":"Effects of intracellular calcium on proximal bicarbonate absorption","volume":"259","author":"Liu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-29-7-917","article-title":"Systemic alkalosis in hypoparathyroidism","volume":"29","author":"Barzel","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(68)90206-4","article-title":"Calcium and the kidney","volume":"45","author":"Epstein","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1159\/000166780","article-title":"Mechanism of the polyuria of hypercalcemia","volume":"4","author":"Goldfarb","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(62)90276-0","article-title":"Reversible defect in renal concentrating mechanism in patients with hypercalcemia","volume":"33","author":"Zeffren","year":"1962","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000045474","article-title":"Influence of parathyroidectomy and calcium on rat renal function","volume":"83","author":"Zaladek","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nephron."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1954.00240300001001","article-title":"Metastatic calcification and nephrocalcinosis from medical treatment of peptic ulcer","volume":"93","author":"Snapper","year":"1954","journal-title":"AMA Arch Intern Med."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1093\/ajhp\/58.suppl_3.S8","article-title":"Conventional treatment of hypercalcemia of malignancy","volume":"58","author":"Davidson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm."},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0250","first-page":"496","article-title":"Hypercalcemic crisis in pregnancy associated with excessive ingestion of calcium carbonate antacid (milk-alkali syndrome): successful treatment with hemodialysis","volume":"78","author":"Kleinman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2333","article-title":"Acid-base status of critically ill patients with acute renal failure: analysis based on Stewart-Figge methodology","volume":"7","author":"Rocktaeschel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit Care."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0260","first-page":"119","article-title":"The \u201cmilk-alkali\u201d syndrome: two case reports with discussion of pathogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Schuman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Q J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-66-5-917","article-title":"The absorption of calcium carbonate","volume":"66","author":"Ivanovich","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0270","first-page":"I70","article-title":"Electrolyte abnormalities underlying lethal and ventricular arrhythmias","volume":"85","author":"Gettes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.11.4.272_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960150210","article-title":"Is hypomagnesemia arrhythmogenic?","volume":"15","author":"Millane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X20401041?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X20401041?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/aace.metapress.com\/index\/65FL6G5L3A24V8BH.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:45:41Z","timestamp":1761515141000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1530891X20401041"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1530891X20401041"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/ep.11.4.272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-891X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-891X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Calcium Carbonate Toxicity: The Updated Milk-Alkali Syndrome; Report of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP.11.4.272","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}