{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T23:19:29Z","timestamp":1772752769391,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,9,1]],"date-time":"2006-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1157068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aacejournalendocrinepractice.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"DOI":"10.4158\/ep.12.5.576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,5]],"date-time":"2013-04-05T21:42:20Z","timestamp":1365198140000},"page":"576-582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Vitamin E in Humans: An Explanation of Clinical Trial Failure"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Irina","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela Gonzalez","family":"de Serna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Absalon","family":"Gutierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Schade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2004.03.022","article-title":"Use of vitamin, mineral, nonvitamin, and nonmineral supplements in the United States: the 1987, 1992, and 2000 National Health Interview Survey results","volume":"104","author":"Millen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198904063201407","article-title":"Beyond cholesterol: modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity","volume":"320","author":"Steinberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)92346-9","article-title":"The oxidation hypothesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"344","author":"Witztum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/53.1.326S","article-title":"Inverse correlation between plasma vitamin E and mortality from ischemic heart disease in cross-cultural epidemiology","volume":"53","author":"Gey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199505043321804","article-title":"Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) in smokers: smoking as a cause of oxidative damage","volume":"332","author":"Morrow","year":"1995","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02783-5","article-title":"Secondary Prevention With Antioxidants of Cardiovascular Disease in Endstage Renal Disease (SPACE): randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"356","author":"Boaz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(00)00741-3","article-title":"The role of vitamin E in atherogenesis: linking the chemical, biological and clinical aspects of the disease","volume":"157","author":"Neuzil","year":"2001","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(91)93327-6","article-title":"Risk of angina pectoris and plasma concentration of vitamins A, C, and E and carotene","volume":"337","author":"Riemersma","year":"1991","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305203282004","article-title":"Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary heart disease in men","volume":"328","author":"Rimm","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199305203282003","article-title":"Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women","volume":"328","author":"Stampfer","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(99)00042-3","article-title":"Design of Physicians\u2019 Health Study II\u2014a randomized trial of beta-carotene, vitamins E and C, and multivitamins, in prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and eye disease, and review of results of completed trials","volume":"10","author":"Christen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0060","first-page":"56","volume":"294","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women\u2019s Health Study; a randomized controlled trial. JAMA."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.4065\/76.11.1131","article-title":"Vitamin E supplementation in the prevention of coronary heart disease","volume":"76","author":"Pruthi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000048966.26216.4C","article-title":"Antioxidants and atherosclerosis: don\u2019t throw out the baby with the bath water","volume":"107","author":"Jialal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.09.018","article-title":"Vitamins in human arteriosclerosis with emphasis on vitamin C and vitamin E","volume":"339","author":"Abudu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1161\/hq0801.095084","article-title":"Is the emperor wearing clothes? Clinical trials of vitamin E and the LDL oxidation hypothesis","volume":"21","author":"Heinecke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2107","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000014762.06201.06","article-title":"Is the oxidative modification hypothesis relevant to human atherosclerosis? Do the antioxidant trials conducted to date refute the hypothesis?","volume":"105","author":"Steinberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110","article-title":"Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality","volume":"142","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0095","first-page":"1029","article-title":"The effect of vitamin","volume":"330","author":"Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group","year":"1994","journal-title":"E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020122600102","article-title":"Alpha-tocopherol and atherosclerosis","volume":"226","author":"Kaul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.15.2.190","article-title":"The effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation on LDL oxidation: a dose-response study","volume":"15","author":"Jialal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Atheroscler Thromb Vasc Biol."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1331.019","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effects of alpha-to-copherol","volume":"1031","author":"Singh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N YAcad Sci."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901143400207","article-title":"Atherosclerosis\u2014an inflammatory disease","volume":"340","author":"Ross","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199802000-00004","article-title":"The effects of alpha-tocopherol on critical cells in atherogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Devaraj","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.10.953","article-title":"Increased levels of soluble P-selectin in hypercholesterolemic patients","volume":"97","author":"Davi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.3.524","article-title":"Alpha-tocopherol supplementation decreases plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and P-selectin levels in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"25","author":"Devaraj","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.6.1113s","article-title":"Ascorbic acid protects lipids in human plasma and low-density lipoprotein against oxidative damage","volume":"54","author":"Frei","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.6.1119s","article-title":"Action of ascorbic acid as a scavenger of active and stable oxygen radicals","volume":"54","author":"Niki","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(97)00536-6","article-title":"Vitamin C improves endothelium-depen-dent vasodilation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Timimi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.5.349","article-title":"Potential antiatherogenic mechanisms of ascorbate (vitamin C) and alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E)","volume":"87","author":"Carr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000074221.68903.77","article-title":"Timing of antioxidant vitamin ingestion alters postprandial proatherogenic serum markers","volume":"108","author":"Carroll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6029","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00067a019","article-title":"Tocopherol-mediated peroxida-tion: the prooxidant effect of vitamin E on the radical-initiated oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein","volume":"115","author":"Bowry","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Am Chem Soc."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11494","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200357097","article-title":"Gamma-tocopherol and its major metabolite, in contrast to alpha-tocopherol, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity in macrophages and epithelial cells","volume":"97","author":"Jiang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.5.1771","article-title":"Gamma-tocopherol detoxification of nitrogen dioxide: superiority to alpha-tocopherol","volume":"90","author":"Cooney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.10.3137","article-title":"Supplementation of diets with alpha-tocopherol reduces serum concentrations of gamma-and delta-tocopherol in humans","volume":"133","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.2.151","article-title":"Tocotrienols: constitutional effects in aging and disease","volume":"135","author":"Schaffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)00499-7","article-title":"Affinity for alpha-to-copherol transfer protein as a determinant of the biological activities of vitamin","volume":"409","author":"Hosomi","year":"1997","journal-title":"E analogs. FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(03)00038-9","article-title":"Inhibition of various glu-tathione S-transferase isoenzymes by RRR-alpha-tocopherol","volume":"17","author":"van Haaften","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicol In Vitro."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8171","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.18.8171","article-title":"On the mechanism of the anticlotting action of vitamin E quinone","volume":"92","author":"Dowd","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/27.10.1174","article-title":"A double-blind trial of vitamin E in angina pectoris","volume":"27","author":"Anderson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420302","article-title":"Sleight P (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators). Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients","volume":"342","author":"Yusuf","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.11.1338","article-title":"Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized trial","volume":"293","author":"Lonn","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1981.03320020021015","article-title":"Perspective on vitamin E as therapy","volume":"246","author":"Roberts","year":"1981","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"10.4158\/EP.12.5.576_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.9.5.417","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for the clinical use of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals","volume":"9","author":"AACE Nutrition Guidelines Task Force","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr Pract."}],"container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X20422918?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X20422918?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/aace.metapress.com\/index\/2R27G4HM324UP26F.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T21:46:52Z","timestamp":1761515212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1530891X20422918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1530891X20422918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/ep.12.5.576","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-891X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-891X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vitamin E in Humans: An Explanation of Clinical Trial Failure","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP.12.5.576","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}