{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:54:28Z","timestamp":1792403668668,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":357,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["aacejournalendocrinepractice.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.4158\/gl-2019-0405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,19]],"date-time":"2019-11-19T15:56:48Z","timestamp":1574179008000},"page":"1191-1232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":280,"title":["American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Guidelines for Management of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults and Patients Transitioning from Pediatric to Adult Care"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kevin C.J.","family":"Yuen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beverly M.K.","family":"Biller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sally","family":"Radovick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sina","family":"Jasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Pantalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03346577","article-title":"Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in moderately-severly obese subjects with and without growth hormone deficiency","volume":"33","author":"Di Somma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0764","article-title":"Abnormal metabolic phenotype in middle-aged GH-deficient adults despite long-term recominbant human GH replacement","volume":"170","author":"Claessen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0096","article-title":"The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and associated cardiovascular complications in adult-onset GHD during GH replacement: a KIMS analysis","volume":"7","author":"Verhelst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0523","article-title":"Morbidity and GH deficiency: a nationwide study","volume":"158","author":"Stochholm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0013","article-title":"Mortality and GH deficiency: a nationwide study","volume":"157","author":"Stochholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1215","article-title":"Does growth hormone replacement therapy reduce mortality in adults with growth hormone deficiency? Data from the Dutch National Registry of Growth Hormone Treatment in adults","volume":"96","author":"van Bunderen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02545.x","article-title":"Hypopituitarism and mortality in pituitary adenoma","volume":"2006","author":"Lindholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3787","article-title":"Excess mortality associated with hypopituitarism in adults: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"100","author":"Pappachan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018816643908","article-title":"Seven years of follow up of trabecular bone score, bone mineral density, body composition and quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency treated with rhGH replacement in a single center","volume":"7","author":"Allo Miguel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12493","article-title":"Effects of up to 15 years of recombinant human GH (rhGH) replacement on bone metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD): the Leiden Cohort Study","volume":"81","author":"Appelman-Dijkstra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3921","article-title":"Effects of recombinant human growth hormone therapy on bone mineral density in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Barake","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0951-4","article-title":"One-year GH replacement therapy reduces early cardiac target organ damage (TOD) in adult GHD patients","volume":"55","author":"Boschetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13147","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) enhances anaerobic capacity: impact on physical function and quality of life in adults with GH deficiency","volume":"85","author":"Chikani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19310","article-title":"Effects of aerobic exercise on ectopic lipids in patients with growth hormone deficiency before and after growth hormone replacement therapy","volume":"6","author":"Christ","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.04.003","article-title":"Growth hormone replacement delays the progression of chronic heart failure combined with growth hormone deficiency: an extension of a randomized controlled single-blind study","volume":"1","author":"Cittadini","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-1083","article-title":"Fifteen years of GH replacement improves body composition and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"168","author":"Elbornsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0875","article-title":"Seven years of growth hormone (GH) replacement improves quality of life in hypopituitary patients with adult-onset GH deficiency","volume":"176","author":"Elbornsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0654","article-title":"GH deficiency after traumatic brain injury: improvement in quality of life with GH therapy: analysis of the KIMS database","volume":"172","author":"Gardner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2394","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk in adult patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency and following substitution with GH--an update","volume":"99","author":"Gazzaruso","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-19-0132","article-title":"Long-term growth hormone (GH)-replacement of adult GH-deficiency (GHD) benefits the heart","author":"Ziagaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13958","article-title":"Prevalence of low lean mass in patients with adult growth hormone deficiency with or without low-dose growth hormone therapy","volume":"90","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00056","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone replacement on peripheral muscle and exercise capacity in severe growth hormone deficiency","volume":"9","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060517723798","article-title":"Effects of human recombinant growth hormone on exercise capacity, cardiac structure, and cardiac function in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"45","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2011.01.001","article-title":"Favorable long-term effects of growth hormone replacement therapy on quality of life, bone metabolism, body composition and lipid levels in patients with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"21","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13042","article-title":"Liver fat in adults with GH deficiency: comparison to matched controls and the effect of GH replacement","volume":"85","author":"Meienberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2892","article-title":"Ten-year change in quality of life in adults on growth hormone replacement for growth hormone deficiency: an analysis of the hypopituitary control and complications study","volume":"99","author":"Mo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-014-0571-z","article-title":"Effects of low dose versus high dose human growth hormone on body composition and lipids in adults with GH deficiency: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled randomized trials","volume":"18","author":"Newman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0196-0","article-title":"Analysis of short-and long-term metabolic effects of growth hormone replacement therapy in adult patients with craniopharyngioma and non-functioning pituitary adenoma","volume":"38","author":"Profka","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0860-x","article-title":"Analysis of characteristics and outcomes by growth hormone treatment duration in adult patients in the Italian cohort of the Hypopituitary Control and Complications Study (HypoCCS)","volume":"41","author":"Rochira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13256","article-title":"The effect of growth hormone (GH) replacement on blood glucose homeostasis in adult nondiabetic patients with GH deficiency: real-life data from the NordiNet((R)) International Outcome Study","volume":"86","author":"Weber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1862","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1532","article-title":"Short-term, low-dose GH therapy improves insulin sensitivity without modifying cortisol metabolism and ectopic fat accumulation in adults with GH deficiency","volume":"99","author":"Yuen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2940","article-title":"Metabolic profile in growth hormone-deficient (GHD) adults after long-term recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy","volume":"98","author":"Claessen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"13 suppl","key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0170","first-page":"S417","article-title":"Human growth hormone treatment in adults: balancing economics and ethics","volume":"10","author":"Cook","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.15.6.580","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in growth hormone-deficient adults and transition patients - 2009 update: executive summary of recommendations","volume":"15","author":"Cook","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12848","article-title":"Growth hormone replacement does not increase mortality in patients with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"83","author":"Berglund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-013-0529-6","article-title":"Adult mortality or morbidity is not increased in childhood-onset growth hormone deficient patients who received pediatric GH treatment: an analysis of the Hypopituitary Control and Complications Study (HypoCCS)","volume":"17","author":"Mo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0450","article-title":"Life expectancy in patients with pituitary adenoma receiving growth hormone replacement","volume":"176","author":"Olsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1814","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors do not but GH treatment does affect mortality in adult-onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"99","author":"Stochholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0448","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in adult patients on growth hormone replacement for growth hormone deficiency: a surveillance database analysis","volume":"96","author":"Attanasio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0449","article-title":"Incidence of diabetes mellitus and evolution of glucose parameters in growth hormone-deficient subjects during growth hormone replacement therapy: a long-term observational study","volume":"35","author":"Luger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2015.06.006","article-title":"Reviewing the safety of GH replacement therapy in adults","volume":"25","author":"Stochholm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0215","first-page":"309","article-title":"Treatment of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency with recombinant human GH","volume":"76","author":"Bengtsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(89)92328-3","article-title":"Beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment in GH-deficient adults","volume":"1","author":"Jorgensen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198912283212605","article-title":"The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"321","author":"Salomon","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0230","first-page":"6","article-title":"Individual IGF-I responsiveness to a fixed regimen of low-dose growth hormone replacement is increased with less variability in obese compared to non-obese adults with severe growth hormone deficiency","volume":"65","author":"Yuen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.03.026","article-title":"Comparison of low-normal and high-normal IGF-1 target levels during growth hormone replacement therapy: A randomized clinical trial in adult growth hormone deficiency","volume":"31","author":"van Bunderen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-0963-2","article-title":"Effect of low-normal and high-normal IGF-1 levels on memory and wellbeing during growth hormone replacement therapy: a randomized clinical trial in adult growth hormone deficiency","volume":"16","author":"van Bunderen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030346","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adult-onset gh deficiency: effects on body composition in men and women in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"89","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032082","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerability of an individualized dosing regimen for adult growth hormone replacement therapy in comparison with fixed body weight-based dosing","volume":"89","author":"Hoffman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0273","article-title":"Etiology, baseline characteristics, and biochemical diagnosis of GH deficiency in the adult: are there regional variations?","volume":"161","author":"Brabant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R269","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-1065","article-title":"Diagnosis of endocrine disease: Expanding the cause of hypopituitarism","volume":"176","author":"Pekic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.02.001","article-title":"Classical and non-classical causes of GH deficiency in adults","volume":"31","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.4158\/EP171866.GL","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Protocol for Standardized Prodcution of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Algorithms, and Checklists -- 2017 Update","volume":"23","author":"Mechanick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1210\/er.16.1.63","article-title":"Clinical aspects of growth hormone deficiency in adults","volume":"16","author":"de Boer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4059","article-title":"Deaths among adult patients with hypopituitarism: hypocortisolism during acute stress, and de novo malignant brain tumors contribute to an increased mortality","volume":"98","author":"Burman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-1028","article-title":"Overall and cause-specific mortality in GH-deficient adults on GH replacement","volume":"166","author":"Gaillard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0340","article-title":"Higher glucocorticoid replacement doses are associated with increased mortality in patients with pituitary adenoma","volume":"177","author":"Hammarstrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1159-3","article-title":"Mortality in adults with hypopituitarism: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Jasim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1475","article-title":"Excess mortality in women and young adults with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: a Swedish nationwide study","volume":"100","author":"Olsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1938","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2432","article-title":"Glucocorticoid replacement and mortality in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma","volume":"97","author":"Zueger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01406.x","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of hypopituitarism in an adult Caucasian population in northwestern Spain","volume":"55","author":"Regal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04006-X","article-title":"Association between premature mortality and hypopituitarism. West Midlands Prospectivve Hypopituitary Study Group","volume":"357","author":"Tomlinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090602","article-title":"High prevalence of metabolic syndrome features in patients previously treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma","volume":"9","author":"Joustra","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02191","article-title":"Incidence of GH deficiency - a nationwide study","volume":"155","author":"Stochholm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0873","article-title":"GH safety workshop position paper: a critical appraisal of recombinant human GH therapy in children and adults","volume":"174","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.671492.x","article-title":"The prevalence of severe growth hormone deficiency in adults who received growth hormone replacement in childhood &lsqb;see comment]","volume":"44","author":"Nicolson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0179","article-title":"Evaluation and treatment of adult growth hormone deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Molitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R223","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0147","article-title":"Pituitary dysfunction and association with fatigue in stroke and other acute brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Booij","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-017-0825-7","article-title":"The prevalence of growth hormone deficiency in survivors of subarachnoid haemorrhage: results from a large single centre study","volume":"20","author":"Giritharan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-014-0606-5","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency after mild combat-related traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Ioachimescu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0796-2","article-title":"Clinical and diagnostic approach to patients with hypopituitarism due to traumatic brain injury (TBI), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and ischemic stroke (IS)","volume":"52","author":"Karamouzis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00713","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency is frequent after recent stroke","volume":"9","author":"Lillicrap","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00072","article-title":"Chronic hypopituitarism associated with increased postconcussive symptoms is prevalent after blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"9","author":"Undurti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00775","article-title":"Treatment of children with growth hormone in the US and Europe: Long-term follow-up from NordiNet IOS and ANSWER program","volume":"104","author":"S\u00e4vendahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-63-1-174","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) responses to GH-releasing hormone during pubertal development in normal boys and girls: comparison to idiopathic short stature and GH deficiency","volume":"63","author":"Gelato","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-1-79","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction in growth hormone-deficient patients with pituitary abnormalities","volume":"73","author":"Maghnie","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0390","first-page":"82","article-title":"Adult growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients demonstrate heterogeneity between childhood onset and adult onset before and during human GH treatment. Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency Study Group","volume":"82","author":"Attanasio","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-73-5-1081","article-title":"Age and relative adiposity are specific negative determinants of the frequency and amplitude of growth hormone (GH) secretory bursts and the half-life of endogenous GH in healthy men","volume":"73","author":"Iranmanesh","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-3-513","article-title":"The influence of age on the 24-hour integrated concentration of growth hormone in normal individuals","volume":"60","author":"Zadik","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13291","article-title":"Social, educational and vocational outcomes in patients with childhood-onset and young-adult-onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"86","author":"Mitra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13274.x","article-title":"Changes in body composition and bone density after discontinuation of growth hormone therapy in adolescence: an interim report","volume":"399","author":"Ogle","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0415","first-page":"4516","article-title":"Discontinuation of growth hormone (GH) treatment: metabolic effects in GH-deficient and GH-sufficient adolescent patients compared with control subjects. Swedish Study Group for Growth Hormone Treatment in Children","volume":"84","author":"Johannsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00281.x","article-title":"Left ventricular function in young adults with childhood and adulthood onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"48","author":"Longobardi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0425","first-page":"74","article-title":"The transition from adolescence to adult life: physiology of the \u2018transition\u2019 phase and its evolutionary basis","volume":"60","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R44","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-16-0028","article-title":"Bridging the gap: metabolic and endocrine care of patients during transition","volume":"5","author":"Hokken-Koelega","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0201-7","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment of adolescents with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) during the transition period: results of a survey among adult and paediatric endocrinologists from Italy. Endorsed by SIEDP\/ISPED, AME, SIE, SIMA","volume":"38","author":"Aimaretti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00757.x","article-title":"Current methods of transfer of young people with Type 1 diabetes to adult services","volume":"19","author":"Kipps","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.4.1052","article-title":"Poor prognosis of young adults with type 1 diabetes: a longitudinal study","volume":"26","author":"Bryden","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050794","article-title":"Non-compliance and transfer from paediatric to adult transplant unit","volume":"14","author":"Watson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3718","article-title":"Bridging the gap: an integrated paediatric to adult clinical service for young adults with kidney failure","volume":"344","author":"Harden","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1980-0","article-title":"Utility and cost of a renal transplant transition clinic","volume":"27","author":"Prestidge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatric Nephrology"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12110","article-title":"Walking the talk. Implementation of transitional care guidance in a UK paediatric and a neighbouring adult facility","volume":"40","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child: Care, Health and Developmental"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307423","article-title":"Implementing transition: Ready Steady Go","volume":"100","author":"Nagra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2006.00698.x","article-title":"Young people's satisfaction of transitional care in adolescent rheumatology in the UK","volume":"33","author":"Shaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0280","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and effects of GH replacement therapy in adults with childhood-onset craniopharyngioma compared with those in adults with other causes of childhood-onset hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction","volume":"169","author":"Yuen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3890","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031588","article-title":"Comparison of continuation or cessation of growth hormone (GH) therapy on body composition and metabolic status in adolescents with severe GH deficiency at completion of linear growth","volume":"89","author":"Carroll","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0711","article-title":"Bone microarchitecture and volumetric bone density impairment in young male adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"180","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021541","article-title":"The effect of cessation of growth hormone (GH) therapy on bone mineral accretion in GH-deficient adolescents at the completion of linear growth","volume":"88","author":"Drake","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01949.x","article-title":"Longitudinal changes of lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with GH deficiency after discontinuation of treatment at final height; timing and peak values for lumbar BMD","volume":"60","author":"Baroncelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0070","article-title":"A longer interval without GH replacement and female gender are associated with lower bone mineral density in adults with childhood-onset GH deficiency: a KIMS database analysis","volume":"167","author":"Tritos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4857","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0551","article-title":"Continued growth hormone (GH) treatment after final height is necessary to complete somatic development in childhood-onset GH-deficient patients","volume":"89","author":"Attanasio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0436","article-title":"Treatment for 24 months with recombinant human GH has a beneficial effect on bone mineral density in young adults with childhood-onset GH deficiency","volume":"160","author":"Conway","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5273","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030204","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) dose-response in young adults with childhood-onset GH deficiency: a two-year, multicenter, multiple-dose, placebo-controlled study","volume":"88","author":"Underwood","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0525","first-page":"364","article-title":"Bone mineral density and body composition in adolescents with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency","volume":"71","author":"Boot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3946","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0208","article-title":"Limited efficacy of growth hormone (GH) during transition of GH-deficient patients from adolescence to adulthood: a phase III multicenter, double-blind, randomized two-year trial","volume":"90","author":"Mauras","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0468","article-title":"Bone microarchitecture and estimated bone strength in men with active acromegaly","volume":"177","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2013.12.001","article-title":"Impact of the growth hormone replacement on bone status in growth hormone deficient adults","volume":"24","author":"Ku\u017ema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-1081","article-title":"Deterioration of growth hormone (GH) response and anterior pituitary function in young adults with childhood-onset GH deficiency and ectopic posterior pituitary: a two-year prospective follow-up study","volume":"92","author":"di Iorgi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2018-0019","article-title":"Body composition and metabolic health of young male adults with childhood-onset multiple pituitary hormone deficiency after cessation of growth hormone treatment","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2007.04.010","article-title":"Growth hormone replacement throughout life: insights into age-related responses to treatment","volume":"17","author":"Clayton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2008.21.11.1049","article-title":"Reassessment of the optimal growth hormone cut-off level in insulin tolerance testing for growth hormone secretion in patients with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency during transition to adulthood","volume":"21","author":"Bonfig","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0565","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Reevaluation of growth hormone (GH) secretion in 69 adults diagnosed as GH-deficient patients during childhood","volume":"81","author":"Longobardi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7897","article-title":"GH is needed for the maturation of muscle mass and strength in adolescents","volume":"86","author":"Hulth\u00e9n","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2639","article-title":"Subtle alterations of cardiac performance in children with growth hormone deficiency: results of a two-year prospective, case-control study","volume":"94","author":"Capalbo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3650","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.8.8777","article-title":"The cardiovascular risk of GH-deficient adolescents","volume":"87","author":"Colao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.5.6613","article-title":"Continuation of growth hormone (GH) therapy in GH-deficient patients during transition from childhood to adulthood: impact on insulin sensitivity and substrate metabolism","volume":"85","author":"Norrelund","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0558","article-title":"Body composition and quality of life in adults treated with GH therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"166","author":"Hazem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-16-0024","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency during young adulthood and the benefits of growth hormone replacement","volume":"5","author":"Ahmid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0572","article-title":"Monocentric study of 112 consecutive patients with childhood onset GH deficiency around and after transition","volume":"169","author":"Courtillot","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8216","article-title":"Which patients do not require a GH stimulation test for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency?","volume":"87","author":"Hartman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.16.02510-4","article-title":"Is retesting in growth hormone deficient children really useful?","volume":"42","author":"Meazza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4195","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0602","article-title":"Reassessment of the growth hormone status in young adults with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency: reappraisal of insulin tolerance testing","volume":"94","author":"Secco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01175","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary and growth disorders in survivors of childhood cancer: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"103","author":"Sklar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031224","article-title":"Reassessment of growth hormone status is required at final height in children treated with growth hormone replacement after radiation therapy","volume":"89","author":"Gleeson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0630","first-page":"84","article-title":"Assessment of growth hormone (GH) secretion in men with adult-onset GH deficiency compared with that in normal men--a clinical research center study","volume":"81","author":"Baum","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0635","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Relationship between the morphological evaluation of the pituitary and the growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone plus arginine in children and adults with congenital hypopituitarism","volume":"86","author":"Maghnie","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1274","article-title":"Do all patients with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and ectopic neurohypophysis have persistent GHD in adulthood?","volume":"90","author":"Leger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16030307","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) therapy during the transition period: should we think about early retesting in patients with idiopathic and isolated GH deficiency?","volume":"16","author":"Penta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2001.14.2.141","article-title":"Evidence for decreased growth hormone in patients iwth hypothalamic hamartoma due to Palliseter-Hall syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Feuillan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0484","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary insufficiency following infectious diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"158","author":"Schaefer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0144","article-title":"Pituitary insufficiency after infectious meningitis: a prospective study","volume":"95","author":"Tsiakalos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-016-0546-1","article-title":"Pituitary function within the first year after traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid haemorrhage","volume":"40","author":"Tolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-1183-3","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency and hypopituitarism in adults after complicated mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"58","author":"Giuliano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-2476","article-title":"High risk of hypopituitarism after traumatic brain injury: a prospective investigation of anterior pituitary function in the acute phase and 12 months after trauma","volume":"91","author":"Tanriverdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4008\/jcrpe.v1i1.7","article-title":"Evaluation of permanent growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in young adults with childhood onset GHD: a multicenter study","volume":"1","author":"Berberoglu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.4.5614","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) deficiency (GHD) of childhood onset: reassessment of GH status and evaluation of the predictive criteria for permanent GHD in young adults","volume":"84","author":"Maghnie","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2009.06.004","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of radiation-induced growth hormone deficiency in childhood cancer survivors: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Mulder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-224","article-title":"Human conditions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Puche","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14603.OR","article-title":"Trends in growth hormone stimulation testing and growth hormone dosing in adult growth hormone deficiency patients: results from the ANSWER Program","volume":"22","author":"Gordon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0299","article-title":"Clinical review: Is lack of recombinant growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone in the United States a setback or time to consider glucagon testing for adult GH deficiency?","volume":"94","author":"Yuen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8509","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency","volume":"87","author":"Biller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345251","article-title":"Glucagon stimulation test for the diagnosis of GH deficiency in adults","volume":"26","author":"Conceicao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01472.x","article-title":"Growth hormone release after glucagon as a reliable test of growth hormone assessment in adults","volume":"56","author":"Gomez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5509","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.11.8061","article-title":"Altered neuroregulation of GH secretion in viscerally obese premenopausal women","volume":"86","author":"Pijl","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4033","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0930","article-title":"Androgens may mediate a relative preservation of IGF-I levels in overweight and obese women despite reduced growth hormone secretion","volume":"93","author":"Utz","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161407.DSCR","volume":"22","author":"Yuen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0407-7","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, timing of peak responses and safety aspects of two dosing regimens of the glucagon stimulation test in evaluating growth hormone and cortisol secretion in adults","volume":"16","author":"Yuen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0745","unstructured":"US Food and Drug AdministrationDrug trials snapshot: Macrilen. Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-approvals-and-databases\/drug-trials-snapshots-marcrilen. Accessed July, 2018. (EL 4; NE)"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-00665","article-title":"Macimorelin as a diagnostic test for adult growth hormone deficiency","volume":"103","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2422","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1157","article-title":"Macimorelin (AEZS-130)-stimulated growth hormone (GH) test: validation of a novel oral stimulation test for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency","volume":"98","author":"Garcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01204","article-title":"Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency as a late effect of radiotherapy in survivors of childhood cancers","volume":"103","author":"Sfeir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03359.x","article-title":"Cranially irradiated adult cancer survivors may have normal spontaneous GH secretion in the presence of discordant peak GH responses to stimulation tests (compensated GH deficiency)","volume":"70","author":"Darzy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0631","volume":"157","author":"Ho","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0438","article-title":"Peak growth hormone-releasing hormon-arginine-stimulated growth hormone is unversely associated with intramyocellular and intrahepatic lipid content in premenopausal women with obesity","volume":"94","author":"Bredella","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4712","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2830","article-title":"Overweight\/Obese adults with pituitary disorders require lower peak growth hormone cutoff values on glucagon stimulation testing to avoid overdiagnosis of growth hormone deficiency","volume":"99","author":"Dichtel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-015-0666-1","article-title":"Can a glucagon stimulation test characterized by lower GH cut-off value be used for the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults?","volume":"18","author":"Diri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0712-7","article-title":"Revised GH and cortisol cut-points for the glucagon stimulation test in the evaluation of GH and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in adults: results from a prospective randomized multicenter study","volume":"19","author":"Hamrahian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0795","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4254","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1333","article-title":"The effects of central adiposity on growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone-arginine stimulation testing in men","volume":"93","author":"Makimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2015.12.005","article-title":"Effects of gender, body weight, and blood glucose dynamics on the growth hormone response to the glucagon stimulation test in patients with pituitary disease","volume":"26","author":"Wilson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4225","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-012006","article-title":"Low amplitude and disorderly spontaneous growth hormone release in obese women with or without polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"87","author":"Van Dam","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-72-1-51","article-title":"Dual defects in pulsatile growth hormone secretion and clearance subserve the hyposomatotropism of obesity in man","volume":"72","author":"Veldhuis","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0252","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adult hypopituitary patients with GH deficiency and the impact of GH replacement therapy","volume":"167","author":"Nishizawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-018-9893-7","article-title":"Metabolic effects of reduced growth hormone action in fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Rufinatscha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12408","article-title":"Lower levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 standard deviation score are associated with histo-logical severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"45","author":"Sumida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0501","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-I response to a single bolus of growth hormone is increased in obesity","volume":"90","author":"Gleeson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90181-3","article-title":"Diagnosis of growth-hormone deficiency in adults","volume":"343","author":"Hoffman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03466.x","article-title":"Factors determining inadequate hypoglycaemia during insulin tolerance testing (ITT) after pituitary surgery","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01179.x","article-title":"Reproducibility of the insulin tolerance test (ITT) for assessment of growth hormone and cortisol secretion in normal and hypopituitary adult men","volume":"54","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1330305","article-title":"Test of growth hormone secretion in adults: poor reproducibility of the insulin tolerance test","volume":"133","author":"Hoeck","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1420347","article-title":"Comparisons among old and new provocative tests of GH secretion in 178 normal adults","volume":"142","author":"Aimaretti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1996.00855.x","article-title":"The assessment of growth hormone status in normal young adult males using a variety of provocative agents","volume":"45","author":"Rahim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1275-8","article-title":"Growth hormone and cortisol secretion in the elderly evaluated using the glucagon stimulation test","volume":"56","author":"Tavares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0824","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of the glucagon stimulation test in comparison to the insulin tolerance test in patients following pituitary surgery","volume":"162","author":"Berg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1159\/000341193","article-title":"Prevalence, pathophysiology, health consequences and treatment options of obesity in the elderly: a guideline","volume":"5","author":"Mathus-Vliegen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes Facts"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01169.x","article-title":"An audit of 500 subcutaneous glucagon stimulation tests to assess growth hormone and ACTH secretion in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease","volume":"54","author":"Leong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1989.tb01276.x","article-title":"Comparison of the ACTH and cortisol responses to provocative testing with glucagon and insulin hypoglycaemia in normal subjects","volume":"31","author":"Littley","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347790","article-title":"Glucagon stimulates GH secretion after intramuscular but not intravenous administration. Evidence against the assumption that glucagon per se has a GH-releasing activity","volume":"17","author":"Ghigo","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1998.00610.x","article-title":"Comparison of the diagnostic utility of the simplified and standard i.m. glucagon stimulation test (IMGST)","volume":"49","author":"Orme","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2014.11.002","article-title":"Potential risks of glucagon stimulation test in elderly people","volume":"25","author":"Tavares","year":"2015","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2160","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of an oral ghrelin agonist in healthy subjects","volume":"92","author":"Piccoli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0910","unstructured":"Monthly Prescribing Reference. Macrilen Rx. Available at: https:\/\/www.empr.com\/drug\/macrilen\/. Accessed August 28, 2019. (EL 4; NE)"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0915","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-018-0068-1","article-title":"Growth hormone: isoforms, clinical aspects and assays interference","volume":"4","author":"Ribeiro de Oliveira Longo Schweizer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2014.10.003","article-title":"Pitfalls of insulin-like growth factor-I and growth hormone assays","volume":"44","author":"Junnila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02836.x","article-title":"Variation in GH and IGF-I assays limits the applicability of international consensus criteria to local practice","volume":"67","author":"Pokrajac","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0930","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.150631","article-title":"Consensus statement on the standardization and evaluation of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor assays","volume":"57","author":"Clemmons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R126","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0047","article-title":"Growth Hormone Research Society perspective on biomarkers of GH action in children and adults","volume":"7","author":"Johannsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0940","first-page":"3956","article-title":"Route of estrogen administration helps to determine growth hormone (GH) replacement dose in GH-deficient adults","volume":"84","author":"Cook","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0945","article-title":"A switch from oral (2 mg\/day) to transdermal (50 microg\/day) 17beta-estradiol therapy increases serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels in recominant human growth hormone (GH)-substituted women with GH deficience","volume":"85","author":"Janssen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0412","article-title":"Administration route-dependent effects of estrogens on IGF-I levels during fixed GH replacement in women with hypopituitarism","volume":"157","author":"van der Klaauw","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-64-1-51","article-title":"Effects of sex and age on the 24-hour profile of growth hormone secretion in man: importance of endogenous estradiol concentrations","volume":"64","author":"Ho","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0960","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13330","article-title":"Is GH dosing optimal in female patients with adult-onset GH deficiency? An analysis from the NordiNet\u00ae International Outcome Study","volume":"86","author":"Hoybye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb02410.x","article-title":"Effects of different oral oestrogen formulations on insulin-like growth factor-I, growth hormone and growth hormone binding protein in post-menopausal women","volume":"39","author":"Kelly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2000-s620","article-title":"Route-dependent endocrine and metabolic effects of estrogen replacement therapy","volume":"13","author":"O'Sullivan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000094314","article-title":"Regulating of growth hormone sensitivity by sex steroids: implications for therapy","volume":"35","author":"Ho","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front Horm Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0035","article-title":"Estrogen regulation of growth hormone action","volume":"25","author":"Leung","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0985","first-page":"550","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH)-deficient men are more responsive to GH replacement therapy than women","volume":"82","author":"Burman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0990","first-page":"211","article-title":"Effect of growth hormone replacement therapy on pituitary hormone secretion and hormone replacement therapies in GHD adults","volume":"61","author":"Hubina","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2010.03815.x","article-title":"The interaction between growth hormone and the thyroid axis in hypopituitary patients","volume":"74","author":"Behan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13272","article-title":"The effect of growth hormone replacement on the thyroid axis in patients with hypopituitarism: in vivo and ex vivo studies","volume":"86","author":"Glynn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2017-0223","article-title":"Alterations in thyroid hormone levels following growth hormone replacement exert complex biological effects","volume":"24","author":"Glynn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-017-1495-y","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone on thyroid function are mediated by type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in humans","volume":"59","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1015","first-page":"1727","article-title":"Modulation of cortisol metabolism by low-dose growth hormone replacement in elderly hypopituitary patients","volume":"85","author":"Toogood","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02688.x","article-title":"Unmasking of central hypothyroidism following growth hormone replacement in adult hypopituitary patients","volume":"66","author":"Agha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5397","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1114","article-title":"Effect of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) replacement on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in adult GH-deficient patients","volume":"89","author":"Giavoli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1030","first-page":"46","article-title":"Quality of life assessment of growth hormone deficiency in adults (QoL-AGHDA): comparison of normative reference data for the general population of England and Wales with results for adult hypopituitary patients with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"64","author":"Koltowska-Haggstrom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008987922774","article-title":"The QoL-AGHDA: an instrument for the assessment of quality of life in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"8","author":"McKenna","year":"1999","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2596","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.8.5916","article-title":"The effects of 10 years of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) in adult GH-deficient patients","volume":"84","author":"Gibney","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02343.x","article-title":"Effects of 10 years of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adult GH-deficient men","volume":"63","author":"Arwert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0009","article-title":"Muscle strength in elderly adults with GH deficiency after 10 years of GH replacement","volume":"163","author":"Gotherstrom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01608.x","article-title":"The effect of long-term untreated growth hormone deficiency (GHD) and 9 years of GH replacement on the quality of life (QoL) of GH-deficient adults","volume":"57","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-351X(98)80026-8","article-title":"Growth hormone and ovarian function","volume":"12","author":"Franks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.027060","article-title":"The consequences of altered somatotropic system on reproduction","volume":"71","author":"Chandrashekar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-0015","article-title":"The science behind 25 years of ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization","volume":"27","author":"Macklon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.126R001","article-title":"Direct gonadotrophic effect of growth hormone on oestradiol production by human granulosa cells in vitro","volume":"126","author":"Mason","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4613-4","article-title":"Increased proportion of mature oocytes with sustained-release growth hormone treatment in poor presponders: a prospective randomized controlled study","volume":"297","author":"Choe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0517","article-title":"Placental hormones and the control of fetal growth","volume":"95","author":"Freemark","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.18.02834-1","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency and pregnancy: any role for substitution?","volume":"43","author":"Vila","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02550.x","article-title":"Fertility outcomes in women with hypopituitarism","volume":"65","author":"Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.11.026","article-title":"Does the addition of growth hormone to the in vitro fertilization\/intracytoplasmic sperm injection antagonist protocol improve outcomes in poor responders? A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Bassiouny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.09.065","article-title":"The effect of treatment with growth hormone on fertility outcome in eugonadal women with growth hormone deficiency: report of four cases and review of the literature","volume":"91","author":"Giampietro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1390054","article-title":"Is maternal growth hormone essential for a normal pregnancy?","volume":"139","author":"Curran","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1320727","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment during pregnancy in a growth hormone-deficient woman","volume":"132","author":"Muller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01572.x","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in GH-deficient women during pregnancy","volume":"57","author":"Wiren","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.07.1132","article-title":"Pregnancy outcomes in women with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"104","author":"Vila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2017-00005","article-title":"Successful pregnancies after adequate hormonal replacement in patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiencies","volume":"1","author":"Correa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1135","article-title":"Pseudotumor cerebri in a child with idiopathic growth hormone insufficiency two months after initiation of recombinant human growth hormone treatment","volume":"2016","author":"Loukianou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Case Rep Ophthalmol Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70232-6","article-title":"Benign intracranial hypertension in children with growth hormone deficiency treated with growth hormone","volume":"126","author":"Malozowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1145","first-page":"611","article-title":"Approach to chronic secondary headache: a case report on unusual drug side-effects","volume":"42","author":"Riasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)90266-X","article-title":"Pseudotumor cerebri in children receiving recombinant human growth hormone","volume":"106","author":"Rogers","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210601600131","article-title":"Delayed onset of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome 7 years after starting human recombinant growth hormone treatment","volume":"16","author":"Vischi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13502","article-title":"Long-term safety of growth hormone-A combined registry analysis","volume":"88","author":"Stochholm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1170","article-title":"GH replacement therapy in elderly GH-deficient patients: a systematic review","volume":"164","author":"Kokshoorn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90004-7","article-title":"Growth hormone-deficient adults are insulin-resistant","volume":"44","author":"Johansson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1175","first-page":"41","article-title":"Growth hormone and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Johannsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539528","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"112","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1326","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult hypopituitary growth hormone (GH)-deficient patients before and after GH replacement","volume":"95","author":"Attanasio","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04055-6","article-title":"Incidence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in children and adolescents receiving growth-hormone treatment","volume":"355","author":"Cutfield","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1487","article-title":"A 10-year, prospective study of the metabolic effects of growth hormone replacement in adults","volume":"92","author":"Gotherstrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1738-4","article-title":"Improved insulin sensitivity, preserved beta cell function and improved whole-body glucose metabolism after low-dose growth hormone replacement therapy in adults with severe growth hormone deficiency: a pilot study","volume":"53","author":"Arafat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2005.02359.x","article-title":"Improvement in insulin sensitivity without concomitant changes in body composition and cardiovascular risk markers following fixed administration of a very low growth hormone (GH) dose in adults with severe GH deficiency","volume":"63","author":"Yuen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1210","first-page":"3285","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) replacement reduces total body fat and normalizes insulin sensitivity in GH-deficient adults: a report of one-year clinical experience","volume":"82","author":"Hwu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0806","article-title":"Metabolic, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular outcomes in growth hormone-deficient subjects with previous cushing's disease or non-functioning pituitary adenoma","volume":"95","author":"Webb","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12477","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency: a systematic review of studies on morbidity","volume":"81","author":"van Bunderen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3136","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.7.8606","article-title":"Risk of disease recurrence and second neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer treated with growth hormone: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study","volume":"87","author":"Sklar","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0967","article-title":"Incidence of second neoplasm in childhood cancer survivors treated with GH: an analysis of GeNeSIS and HypoCCS","volume":"168","author":"Woodmansee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-011-0347-7","article-title":"Clinical factors involved in the recurrence of pituitary adenomas after surgical remission: a structured review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Roelfsema","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-11-0286","article-title":"Assessment of primary cancers in GH-treated adult hypopituitary patients: an analysis from the Hypopituitary Control and Complications Study","volume":"165","author":"Child","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-014-0179-1","article-title":"GH replacement therapy and second neoplasms in adult survivors of childhood cancer: a retrospective study from a single institution","volume":"38","author":"Brignardello","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4159","article-title":"Growth hormone exposure as a risk factor for the development of subsequent neoplasms of the central nervous system: a report from the childhood cancer survivor study","volume":"99","author":"Patterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2684","article-title":"Prospective safety surveillance of GH-deficient adults: comparison of GH-treated vs untreated patients","volume":"98","author":"Hartman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01205","article-title":"Growth hormone therapy in childhood cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Tamhane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01899","article-title":"New neoplasm during GH replacement in adults with pituitary deficiency following malignancy: a KIMS analysis","volume":"103","author":"Krzyzanowska-Mittermayer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01189","article-title":"Safety outcomes during pediatric GH therapy: Final results from the prospective GeNeSIS observational program","volume":"104","author":"Child","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81862","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13251","article-title":"Growth hormone replacement therapy reduces risk of cancer in adult with growth hormone deficiency: A meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1067\/S0022-3476(03)00246-4","article-title":"Update of guidelines for the use of growth hormone in children: the Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrinology Society Drug and Therapeutics Committee","volume":"143","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/107327480701400104","article-title":"Biology of aging and cancer","volume":"14","author":"Anisimov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-78818-0_6","article-title":"Obesity and diabetes epidemics: cancer repercussions","volume":"630","author":"Hjartaker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0840-2","article-title":"Considering GH replacement for GH-deficient adults with a previous history of cancer: a conundrum for the clinician","volume":"52","author":"Yuen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.24555","article-title":"Update on pediatric cancer predisposition syndromes","volume":"60","author":"Schiffman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21962","article-title":"Hereditary cancer predisposition in children: genetic basis and clinical implications","volume":"119","author":"Strahm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3306","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-031601","article-title":"Malignant disease and cardiovascular morbidity in hypopituitary adults with or without growth hormone replacement therapy","volume":"89","author":"Svensson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1315","article-title":"Panhypopituitarism without GH replacement: About insulin sensitivity, CRP levels, and metabolic syndrome","volume":"50","author":"Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-011-0374-4","article-title":"Measurement of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypopituitarism and severe deficiency adult grouth hormone deficiency","volume":"15","author":"Gonzalez-Duarte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2188","article-title":"Adipokine protein expression pattern in growth hormone deficiency predisposes to the increased fat cell size and the whole body metabolic derangements","volume":"93","author":"Ukropec","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90128-1","article-title":"Serum leptin is increased in growth hormone-deficient adult: relationship to body composition and effects of placebo-controlled growth hormone therapy for 1 year","volume":"46","author":"Fisker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2018-0541","article-title":"Correlation of increased serum adipsin with increased cardiovascular risks in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9697-9","article-title":"Increase in serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is correlated with increase in cardiovascular risk factors in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0554","article-title":"Effects of GH treatment in GH-deficient adults on adiponectin, leptin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A","volume":"158","author":"Joaquin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2011.12.001","article-title":"Evaluation of coagulation and fibrinolytic parameters in adult onset GH deficiency and the effects of GH replacement therapy: a placebo controlled study","volume":"22","author":"Cakir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2174\/138920106776597621","article-title":"The role of insulin-like growth factor I components in the regulation of vitamin D","volume":"7","author":"Gomez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2010.02.002","article-title":"The influence of growth hormone replacement on peripheral inflammatory and cardiovascular risk markers in adults with severe growth hormone deficiency","volume":"20","author":"Deepak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02125","article-title":"Positive effects of a physiological dose of GH on markers of atherogenesis: a placebo-controlled study in patients with adult-onset GH deficiency","volume":"154","author":"Bollersley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03347090","article-title":"Effect of recombinant growth hormone on leptin, adiponectin, resistin, intereleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ghrelin levels in growth hormone-deficient children","volume":"34","author":"Lopez-Siguero","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04137.x","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone replacement within the KIMS survey on estimated cardiovascular risk and predictors of risk reduction in patients with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"75","author":"Schneider","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530317666170919121729","article-title":"Growth hormone supplementation effects on cardiovascular risk in growth hormone deficient adult patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Giagulli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2810","article-title":"Growth hormone treatment on atherosclerosis: results of a 5-year open, prospective, controlled study in male patients with severe growth hormone deficiency","volume":"93","author":"Colao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1390","first-page":"257","article-title":"Growth hormone deficiency and replacement in patients with treated Cushing's Disease, prolactinomas and non-functioning pituitary adenomas: effects on body composition, glucose metabolism, lipid status and bone mineral density","volume":"66","author":"Colson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2000.01108.x","article-title":"Sustained reduction in circulating cholesterol in adult hypopituitary patients given low dose titrated growth hormone replacement therapy: a two year study","volume":"53","author":"Florakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4657","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.10.7887","article-title":"A prospective study of 5 years of GH replacement therapy in GH-deficient adults: sustained effects on body composition, bone mass, and metabolic indices","volume":"86","author":"Gotherstrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02935.x","article-title":"Growth hormone (GH) replacement decreases serum total and LDL-cholesterol in hypopituitary patients on maintenance HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) therapy","volume":"67","author":"Monson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2010.10.005","article-title":"The benefit of long-term growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in hypopituitary adults with GH deficiency: results of the German KIMS database","volume":"21","author":"Spielhagen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02283","article-title":"Sustained effects of recombinant GH replacement after 7 years of treatment in adults with GH deficiency","volume":"155","author":"van der Klaauw","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.5.8482","article-title":"Effects of seven years of GH-replacement therapy on insulin sensitivity in GH-deficient adults","volume":"87","author":"Svensson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1425","first-page":"3762","article-title":"Effects of 7 years of growth hormone replacement therapy in hypopituitary adults","volume":"85","author":"Chrisoulidou","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-133-2-200007180-00010","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone administration on inflammatory and other cardiovascular risk markers in men with growth hormone deficiency. A randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"133","author":"Sesmilo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2007.01.002","article-title":"TNF-alpha levels in children with growth hormone deficiency and the effect of long-term growth hormone replacement therapy","volume":"17","author":"Andiran","year":"2007","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1440","first-page":"58","article-title":"Alterations of monocyte function in patients with growth hormone (GH) deficiency: effect of substitutive GH therapy","volume":"84","author":"Serri","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349194","article-title":"Increased lipid peroxidation in adult GH-deficient patients: effects of short-term GH administration","volume":"29","author":"Scacchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.07.024","article-title":"Effects of growth hormone treatment on arginine to asymmetric dimethylarginine ratio and endothelial function in patients with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"57","author":"Setola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000100720.01867.1D","article-title":"Cardiac effects of growth hormone in adults with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"108","author":"Maison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1997.d01-1749.x","article-title":"Increased cerebrovascular mortality in patients with hypopituitarism","volume":"46","author":"Bulow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-01542","article-title":"Relative risks of contributing factors to morbidity and mortality in adults with craniopharyngioma on growth hormone replacement","volume":"103","author":"Yuen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.02947.x","article-title":"Excess mortality in women with pituitary disease: a meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1475","unstructured":"World Anti-Doping Agency2019 Prohibited list: international standard. Available at: https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/sites\/default\/files\/wada_2019_english_prohibited_list.pdf. Accessed August 3, 2019. (EL 4; NE)"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2017.06.010","article-title":"Use of growth hormone, IGF-I, and insulin for anabolic purpose: Pharmacological basis, methods of detection, and adverse effects","volume":"464","author":"Anderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738118782688","article-title":"The use and abuse of human growth hormone in sports","author":"Siebert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00007","article-title":"The effects of growth hormone on body composition and physical performance in recreational athletes: a randomized trial","volume":"152","author":"Meinhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00215","article-title":"Systematic review: the effects of growth hormone on athletic performance","volume":"148","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2017.05.005","article-title":"Impact of GH administration on athletic performance in healthy young adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials","volume":"34","author":"Hermansen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096742","article-title":"Determination and regulation of body composition in elite athletes","volume":"52","author":"Sonksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-017-0050-3","article-title":"Why do endocrine profiles in elite athletes differ between sports?","volume":"4","author":"Sonksen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5221","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021872","article-title":"High dose growth hormone exerts an anabolic effect at rest and during exercise in endurance-trained athletes","volume":"88","author":"Healy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s002239900392","article-title":"Effect of long-term growth-hormone substitution therapy on bone mineral density and parameters of bone metabolism in adult patients with growth hormone deficiency","volume":"62","author":"Kotzmann","year":"1998","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2371","article-title":"Growth hormone decreases visceral fat and improves cardiovascular risk markers in women with hypopituitarism: a randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"93","author":"Beauregard","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0957","article-title":"The effects of growth hormone and\/or testosterone in healthy elderly men: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"91","author":"Giannoulis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2338","article-title":"Testosterone and growth hormone improve body composition and muscle performance in older men","volume":"94","author":"Sattler","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2011-1035","article-title":"Growth hormone doping in sports: a critical review of use and detection strategies","volume":"33","author":"Baumann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.61.5.1796","article-title":"Sex and training differences in human growth hormone levels during prolonged exercise","volume":"61","author":"Bunt","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.83.5.1756","article-title":"Human growth hormone response to repeated bouts of aerobic exercise","volume":"83","author":"Kanaley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-198801000-00020","article-title":"Quantitation of urinary growth hormone in children with normal and abnormal growth","volume":"23","author":"Albini","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.03.055","article-title":"Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: Advantages and limitations","volume":"130","author":"Thevis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1565","first-page":"124","article-title":"Responses of markers of bone and collagen turnover to exercise, growth hormone (GH) administration, and GH withdrawal in trained adult males","volume":"85","author":"Wallace","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-003-1926-x","article-title":"Potential parameters for the detection of hGH doping","volume":"376","author":"Kniess","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1575","first-page":"780","article-title":"Assessment of bone resorption with a new marker of collagen degradation in patients with metabolic bone disease","volume":"79","author":"Garnero","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpendmet0644","article-title":"Technology insight: detecting growth hormone abuse in athletes","volume":"3","author":"Bidlingmaier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-12-4-424","article-title":"Growth hormone heterogeneity: genes, isohormones, variants, and binding proteins","volume":"12","author":"Baumann","year":"1991","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E836","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00122.2002","article-title":"Physiological and pharmacological regulation of 20-kDa growth hormone","volume":"283","author":"Leung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1595","unstructured":"World Anti-Doping AgencyWADA Technical Document -TD2015GH: Human growth hormone (hGH) isoform differential immunoassays for doping control analyses. Available at: https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/files\/wada_td2015gh_hgh_isoform_diff_immunoassays_en.pdf Accessed 2019. (EL 4; NE)"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1600","unstructured":"World Anti-Doping AgencyGuidelines for human growth hormone (hGH) biomarkers test for doping control analyses, 2016 version 2. Available at: https:\/\/www.wada-ama.org\/en\/resources\/laboratories\/guidelines-human-growth-hormone-hgh-biomarkers-test. Accessed August 2019. (EL 4; NE)"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)00775-8","article-title":"Detection of doping with human growth hormone","volume":"353","author":"Wu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.047845","article-title":"Challenges in detecting the abuse of growth hormone in sport","volume":"51","author":"McHugh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7262.2008.00395.x","article-title":"A robust test for growth hormone doping--present status and future prospects","volume":"10","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian J Androl"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2007.01.011","article-title":"Detection of growth hormone abuse in sport","volume":"17","author":"Powrie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0402","article-title":"Pharmacodynamics of growth hormone abuse biomarkers and the influence of gender and testosterone: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study in young recreational athletes","volume":"93","author":"Nelson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1630","first-page":"3591","article-title":"Responses of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor axis to exercise, GH administration, and GH withdrawal in trained adult males: a potential test for GH abuse in sport","volume":"84","author":"Wallace","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09968-7","article-title":"Plasma biomarker proteins for detection of human growth hormone administration in athletes","volume":"7","author":"Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2016.05.022","article-title":"Genetic and protein biomarkers in blood for the improved detection of GH abuse","volume":"128","author":"Ferro","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25576","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.41.25576","article-title":"Apolipoprotein L, a new human high density lipoprotein apolipoprotein expressed by the pancreas. Identification, cloning, characterization, and plasma distribution of apolipoprotein L","volume":"272","author":"Duchateau","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90275-4","article-title":"Basal growth hormone levels are positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in women","volume":"46","author":"Bansch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(97)00216-3","article-title":"Structure of the gene encoding human alpha 2-HS glycoprotein (AHSG)","volume":"196","author":"Osawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00268015","article-title":"Human fetuin\/alpha 2 HS glycoprotein in colloid and parenchymal cells in human fetal pituitary gland","volume":"99","author":"von Bulow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Histochemistry"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0897","article-title":"Cell-specific pituitary gene expression profiles after treatment with leukemia inhibitory factor reveal novel modulators for proopiomelanocortin expression","volume":"145","author":"Abbud","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2001.0874","article-title":"Leukaemia inhibitory factor and interleukin 6 inhibit secretion of prolactin and growth hormone by rat pituitary MtT\/SM cells","volume":"14","author":"Tomida","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb754","article-title":"A structural basis for the unique binding features of the human vitamin D-binding protein","volume":"9","author":"Verboven","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat Struct Biol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0789-1","article-title":"Vitamin D-binding protein and free vitamin D concentrations in acromegaly","volume":"52","author":"Altinova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1685","first-page":"331","article-title":"Effects of short-term growth hormone treatment on PTH, calcitriol, thyroid hormones, insulin and glucagon","volume":"127","author":"Brixen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol (Copenh)"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.180018","article-title":"Growth hormone and aging: updated review","volume":"37","author":"Bartke","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Mens Health"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2017.02.005","article-title":"GH and ageing: pitfalls and new insights","volume":"31","author":"Bartke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp020186","article-title":"Can growth hormone prevent aging?","volume":"348","author":"Vance","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1705","first-page":"1585","article-title":"Human growth hormone and anti-aging","volume":"110","author":"Lyle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-2-200701160-00005","article-title":"Systematic review: the safety and efficacy of growth hormone in the healthy elderly","volume":"146","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/59.7.B682","article-title":"Anti-aging quackery: human growth hormone and tricks of the trade--more dangerous than ever","volume":"59","author":"Perls","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016223","article-title":"Non-compliance with growth hormone treatment in children is common and impairs linear growth","volume":"6","author":"Cutfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.14.2.143","article-title":"Compliance and persistence in pediatric and adult patients receiving growth hormone therapy","volume":"14","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3720","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.10.6881","article-title":"Recombinant growth hormone (GH) therapy in GH-deficient adults: a long-term controlled study on daily versus thrice weekly injections","volume":"85","author":"Amato","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03349206","article-title":"Long-term GH treatment of GH-deficient adults: comparison between one and two daily injections","volume":"29","author":"Hoybye","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1740","first-page":"1222","article-title":"Long-term effects of continuous subcutaneous infusion versus daily subcutaneous injections of growth hormone (GH) on the insulin-like growth factor system, insulin sensitivity, body composition, and bone and lipoprotein metabolism in GH-deficient adults","volume":"86","author":"Laursen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13030","article-title":"Is insulin-like growth factor-I a good marker for treatment adherence in growth hormone deficiency in adulthood?","volume":"84","author":"Auer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0111","article-title":"Growth Hormone Research Society perspective on the development of long-acting growth hormone preparations","volume":"174","author":"Christiansen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2015.07.004","article-title":"Status of long-acting-growth hormone preparations--2015","volume":"25","author":"Hoybye","year":"2015","journal-title":"Growth Horm IGF Res"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000416","article-title":"The current state of long-acting growth hormone preparations for growth hormone therapy","volume":"25","author":"Yuen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1765","article-title":"SUN-247 Once-weekly somapacitan in childhood growth hormone deficiency: efficacy and safety results of a randomized, open-label, controlled phase 2 trial (REAL 3)","volume":"3","author":"Savendal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1770","unstructured":"Novo Nordisk A\/SA research study in children with low level of hormone to grow. Treatment is somapacitan once a week compared to Norditropin\u00ae once a day (REAL 4). Available at: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03811535. Accessed October 8, 2019. (EL 4; O)"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13409","article-title":"Somapacitan, a once-weekly reversible albumin-binding GH derivative, in children with GH deficiency: A randomized dose-escalation trial","volume":"87","author":"Battelino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-1073","article-title":"Safety and convenience of once-weekly somapacitan in adult GH deficiency: a 26-week randomized, controlled trial","volume":"178","author":"Johannsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1785","article-title":"SAT-LB074 efficacy and safety of once-weekly somapacitan in adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) confirmed in a 53 week REAL 1 trial extension","volume":"3","author":"Johannsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.4158\/GL-2019-0405_bb1790","article-title":"OR17-4 Transcon\u2122 growth hormone in the treatment of pediatric growth hormone deficiency: results of the phase 3 heiGHt trial","volume":"3","author":"Thornton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"}],"container-title":["Endocrine Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X20351454?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1530891X20351454?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T22:06:32Z","timestamp":1761516392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1530891X20351454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":357,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S1530891X20351454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/gl-2019-0405","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-891X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-891X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Guidelines for Management of Growth Hormone Deficiency in Adults and Patients Transitioning from Pediatric to Adult Care","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Endocrine Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/GL-2019-0405","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}