{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T18:49:47Z","timestamp":1789152587923,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"XMLink","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-aair.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"],"DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T07:57:22Z","timestamp":1747900642000},"page":"349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4168\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Air Pollution Increases Healthcare Utilization Below Safe Thresholds in Individuals With Asthma"],"prefix":"10.4168","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1269-0913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0410-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Hyuk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea."},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0033-1339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun-Kyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea."},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2459-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Yong","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0610-2182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Hoon","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4645-4863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho Joo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8398-4444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang-Heon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Medicine and Allergy, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"18617","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2304871","volume":"389","author":"Mosnaim","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S260604","volume":"14","author":"Caminati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.04.00004904","volume":"23","author":"Antonicelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.opresp.2022.100229","volume":"5","author":"Bronte-Moreno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Respir Arch"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6212","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176212","volume":"17","author":"Tiotiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-022-00336-w","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Environ Health Rep"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2023.15.3.290","volume":"15","author":"Agache","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref8","volume-title":"WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref9","unstructured":"Air Korea. Comprehensive air-quality index [Internet]. Incheon. Air Korea. 2024. cited 2024 Jan 13. Available from: https:\/\/www.airkorea.or.kr\/web\/khaiInfo?pMENU_NO=129"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1817364","volume":"381","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.23838\/pfm.2021.00135","volume":"6","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Precis Future Med"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233516","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1233516","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.09.015","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2024.03.035","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15638","volume":"78","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.04.044","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00690-2023","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00690-2023","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295457","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1295457","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.01.001","volume":"165","author":"Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001789","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2023-001789","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2024.39.e105","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e973","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac411","volume":"76","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-023-03189-2","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac946","volume":"76","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.08.2228","volume":"163","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2022.10.002","volume":"29","author":"Yoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad373","volume":"77","author":"Moon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e344","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.12.006","volume":"17","author":"Yeo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14799731231222282","DOI":"10.1177\/14799731231222282","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chron Respir Dis"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60617-6","volume":"383","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.02.020","volume":"121","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201810-1823OC","volume":"200","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-020-0213-7","volume":"30","author":"Rosenquist","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.12.981","volume":"141","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.111141","volume":"107","author":"Bayram","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.03053.x","volume":"38","author":"Cai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0001OC","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10070341","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-8977-8-11","volume":"8","author":"Balakrishna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Part Fibre Toxicol"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1986.60.4.1321","volume":"60","author":"Seltzer","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L144","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00131.2005","volume":"290","author":"Poynter","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00043709","volume":"35","author":"Canova","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2019.60.10.952","volume":"60","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10110644","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202107-1596OC","volume":"205","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0160ED","volume":"205","author":"Marks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902056","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02056-2019","volume":"55","author":"Carlsten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.4046\/trd.2023.0186","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)"},{"key":"10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2022.14.5.447","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"}],"container-title":["Allergy, Asthma &amp; Immunology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/e-aair.org\/pdf\/10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/e-aair.org\/DOIx.php?id=10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/e-aair.org\/DOIx.php?id=10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T08:01:17Z","timestamp":1747900877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/e-aair.org\/DOIx.php?id=10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4168\/aair.2025.17.3.349","relation":{},"ISSN":["2092-7355","2092-7363"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2092-7355","type":"print"},{"value":"2092-7363","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-06-04","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-09","name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-02","name":"published_online","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2025 The Korean Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Clinical Immunology \u2022 The Korean Academy of Pediatric Allergy and Respiratory Disease","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright","group":{"name":"Copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}},{"value":"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","name":"license","label":"License","explanation":{"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},"group":{"name":"Copyright_and_licensing","label":"Copyright and Licensing"}}]}}