{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T20:39:26Z","timestamp":1789677566950,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"XMLink","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Surg Treat Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"DOI":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:55:37Z","timestamp":1773194137000},"page":"135","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physical AI goes to the operating room: are we ready for the Surgical Data Factory?"],"prefix":"10.4174","volume":"110","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-8973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Namkee","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea."},{"name":"Clinical Robotics and Embodied AI Research Center, Smart Healthcare Research Institute, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6626-6800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyu-Hwan","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Robotics and Embodied AI Research Center, Smart Healthcare Research Institute, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea."},{"name":"Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2545-3105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyu-Seong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"18617","reference":[{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-017-0132-7","volume":"1","author":"Maier-Hein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2021.102306","volume":"76","author":"Maier-Hein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviscsurg.2021.01.004","volume":"158","author":"Mascagni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Visc Surg"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e459","DOI":"10.1097\/AS9.0000000000000459","volume":"5","author":"Garcia Vazquez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Surg Open"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1300625","volume":"369","author":"Birkmeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2020.3007","volume":"155","author":"Stulberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002693","volume":"268","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2020.10.039","volume":"169","author":"Ward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/ags3.12513","volume":"6","author":"Kitaguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Surg"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005853","volume":"278","author":"Loftus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadt0187","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adt0187","volume":"10","author":"Schmidgall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Robot"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref12","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref13","unstructured":"IHS Markit. The complexities of physician supply and demand: projections from 2015 to 2030 [Internet]. Association of American Medical Colleges. 2017. cited 2026 Jan 8. Available from: https:\/\/www.aamc.org\/media\/8816\/download"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08357-9","volume":"22","author":"Meshesha","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002720","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjph-2025-002720","volume":"3","author":"Asano","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Public Health"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00707-5","volume":"5","author":"Mascagni","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2016.2593957","volume":"36","author":"Twinanda","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-019-07281-0","volume":"34","author":"Kitaguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2226265","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.26265","volume":"5","author":"Kitaguchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004594","volume":"276","author":"Madani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73434-4","volume":"14","author":"Oh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27935","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11627-1","volume":"15","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22244-7","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59716-0_33","volume-title":"Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2020","author":"Czempiel","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref25","first-page":"112","author":"Kitaguchi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02970-3","volume":"30","author":"Varghese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref27","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref28","first-page":"8748","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Radford","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23716","DOI":"10.52202\/068431-1723","volume":"35","author":"Alayrac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref30","first-page":"12888","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Machine Learning","author":"Li","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref31","author":"Schmidgall","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref32","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref33","first-page":"122952","volume":"37","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref34","first-page":"1292","volume-title":"SurGen-Net: a generative approach for surgical VQA with structured text generation","author":"Jeon","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103644","volume":"105","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7777","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000003069","volume":"111","author":"Stueker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref37","first-page":"563","volume-title":"Surgical action planning with large language models","author":"Xu","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2025.04.031","volume":"11","author":"Bogaert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Urol Focus"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000103020.19595.7d","volume":"239","author":"Lanfranco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2302385","volume":"61","author":"Leonard","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref41","first-page":"1268","volume":"2018","author":"Saeidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rep U S"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadt5254","DOI":"10.1126\/scirobotics.adt5254","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Robot"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref43","first-page":"130","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Robot Learning","author":"Kim","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-024-00917-4","volume":"6","author":"Schmidgall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref45","author":"Brohan","year":"2022","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref46","first-page":"2165","volume-title":"Proceedings of The 7th Conference on Robot Learning","author":"Zitkovich","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref47","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref48","author":"Team","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref49","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref50","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref51","author":"Atar","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref52","first-page":"1821","volume-title":"SurROL: an open-source reinforcement learning centered and DVRK compatible platform for surgical robot learning","author":"Xu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref53","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref54","author":"Zbinden","year":"2025","journal-title":"arXiv [Preprint]"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-023-02830-7","volume":"408","author":"Cheikh Youssef","year":"2023","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030846","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2022.1030846","volume":"9","author":"Nema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Robot AI"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5274","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-023-09983-y","volume":"37","author":"Heiliger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2677","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-024-10774-2","volume":"38","author":"Ferrari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4918","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08578-9","volume":"35","author":"Meireles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref60","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Feature mixing approach for detecting intraoperative adverse events in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery","author":"Bose","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-2197.2008.04654.x","volume":"78","author":"Lefter","year":"2008","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"}],"container-title":["Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/astr.or.kr\/pdf\/10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/astr.or.kr\/DOIx.php?id=10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/astr.or.kr\/DOIx.php?id=10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:55:44Z","timestamp":1773194144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/astr.or.kr\/DOIx.php?id=10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4174\/astr.2026.110.3.135","relation":{},"ISSN":["2288-6575","2288-6796"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2288-6575","type":"print"},{"value":"2288-6796","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}}}