{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:30:01Z","timestamp":1790641801477,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Korean Society of Epidemiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1F1A1066498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1F1A1066498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-epih.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: Work-time control (WTC), defined as employees\u2019 ability to influence their work schedules, is a crucial determinant of work-life balance and well-being. This study aims to evaluate the associations between WTC and health-related outcomes among Korean workers and examine potential effect modifications by working hours and shift work status.METHODS: This study analyzed data from the 2024 wave of the Korean Work, Sleep, and Health Study, a nationwide panel study of workers aged 19 years to 70 years (n=5,195). WTC was measured using a 6-item scale, and participants were categorized into low (\u226412) or high (&gt;12) WTC groups. Outcomes included self-rated health (SRH), depression (measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and work ability (WA; measured by the Work Ability Index). Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for poor SRH, moderate-to-severe depression, and poor WA, adjusting for demographic and occupational variables. Subgroup analyses assessed effect modifications by working hours and shift work.RESULTS: Higher WTC was associated with lower odds of poor SRH (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62 to 0.86), moderate-to-severe depression (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.83), and poor WA (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.46 to 0.84). These associations were significant among daytime workers but not shift workers. The protective effects of WTC were attenuated among workers whose working hours exceeding 52 hr\/wk.CONCLUSIONS: Higher WTC is associated with better health and work outcomes, emphasizing its importance for employee well-being. However, its benefits may be limited among shift workers and employees working excessive hours.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2025036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T08:03:51Z","timestamp":1757923431000},"page":"e2025036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4178\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Associations of self-rated health, depression, and work ability with employee control over working 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