{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T04:04:29Z","timestamp":1770782669725,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Korean Society of Epidemiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-epih.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the principal determinants of human Q fever incidence and explored regional variation between metropolitan cities and provinces in Korea.METHODS: Panel data on human Q fever incidence, livestock populations, and facility metrics were collected across 17 metropolitan cities and provinces from 2017 to 2024. Analytical approaches included frequentist models (ordinary least squares [OLS], random effects [RE], fixed effects [FE]) and Bayesian models.RESULTS: Frequentist panel analysis indicated that slaughterhouse count was positively associated with Q fever incidence in both pooled OLS (\u03b2=1.20, p&lt;0.001) and RE models (\u03b2=1.03, p&lt;0.001), but not in the FE model (\u03b2=0.14, p=0.65). After correcting for serial correlation using Driscoll-Kraay standard errors, livestock population (\u03b2=0.55, p&lt;0.01), livestock market count (\u03b2=-2.01, p&lt;0.05), and livestock Q fever cases (\u03b2=-0.11, p&lt;0.01) were significantly associated with human incidence. A Bayesian FE model confirmed a significant relationship between slaughterhouses and human Q fever incidence (posterior mean: 0.87; 95% credible interval [CrI], 0.21 to 1.42), providing more stable inference with limited samples and allowing probabilistic uncertainty estimation. A Bayesian hierarchical model revealed a stronger association in metropolitan cities (posterior mean, 1.46; 95% CrI, 0.34 to 2.57) than in provinces (1.22), while livestock population remained significant in provinces (0.94; 95% CrI, 0.15 to 1.74).CONCLUSIONS: In Korea, slaughterhouse density was the main determinant of Q fever in metropolitan cities and livestock density was the primary risk factor in provinces. These findings underscore the need for region-specific preventive strategies and reinforce the value of a One Health approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2025046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T02:09:06Z","timestamp":1755742146000},"page":"e2025046","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4178\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factors for Q fever incidence in Korea: a comparative analysis using frequentist and Bayesian 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