{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:22:07Z","timestamp":1791829327323,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Korean Society of Epidemiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00355637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00355637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00246991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00246991"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-epih.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: Excessive sodium and insufficient potassium consumption are major dietary contributors to hypertension (HTN) and cardiovascular diseases. The sodium-to-potassium ratio is a known predictor of blood pressure (BP) and HTN. This study evaluated 16-year-trends in dietary sodium, potassium, and the sodium-to-potassium ratio, and their associations with BP and HTN in Korea.METHODS: Data from 76,484 participants aged 19-79 years were obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted in 2007-2022. Sodium and potassium intake were assessed using 24-hour recalls, and the sodium- to-potassium ratio was calculated. All values were energy-adjusted using the residual method. Age-period-cohort (APC) models were used to analyze temporal trends. Associations with BP and HTN were examined using multivariate linear and logistic regression models, adjusting for confounders.RESULTS: Energy-adjusted sodium intake decreased across all age groups, and potassium slightly increased in the recent 5 years, though both remained suboptimal relative to recommendations. APC analyses showed increasing potassium intake with age and a reversed U-shape cohort pattern. The sodium-to-potassium ratio decreased with age and calendar year but increased in recent cohorts. A higher sodium-to-potassium ratio was strongly associated with elevated systolic (\u03b2=0.028, p&lt;0.001) and diastolic BP (\u03b2=0.036, p&lt;0.001), and increased odds of HTN (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.33). A linear association appeared when the sodium-to-potassium ratio exceeded 1.00 in the spline model.CONCLUSIONS: Despite improvements, sodium intake remains excessive, and potassium insufficient, particularly in younger adults and recent cohorts. Public health interventions should prioritize reducing sodium and promoting potassium-rich foods to reduce cardiovascular risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2025062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T07:16:51Z","timestamp":1762327011000},"page":"e2025062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4178\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Age-period-cohort analysis of dietary sodium, potassium, and sodium-to-potassium ratio in Korea"],"prefix":"10.4178","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7021-9525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hee 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