{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:16:24Z","timestamp":1787674584508,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Korean Society of Epidemiology","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014189","name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture and Forestry","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00399814"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00399814"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025-RISE-05-011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-RISE-05-011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Gwangju Metropolitan Government"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-epih.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epidemiol Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>OBJECTIVES: Q fever is a bacterial zoonosis that occurs worldwide. Although several studies have reported associations between goat populations and human Q fever outbreaks in Korea, spatial correlation analyses remain limited. Therefore, this study examined the geographic correlation between human Q fever outbreaks and the distributions of goats and cattle in Korea.METHODS: This study covered a 10-year period (2015-2024), using each of the 250 districts in Korea as the unit of analysis. Data were divided into 2 time periods: 2015-2019 and 2020-2024. Hotspots for the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) were identified using Getis-Ord Gi*. Spatial correlations between SIR and goat and cattle populations were evaluated using a multivariable spatial error model, and the associations between hotspot variables and livestock abundance were assessed using a multivariable Leroux conditional autoregressive model.RESULTS: SIRs for human Q fever showed significant positive spatial associations with goat populations in 2016 (coefficient=46.52, p&lt;0.01) and 2021 (coefficient=70.97, p&lt;0.01). The associations between goat populations (2016 and 2021) and hotspot classifications were consistent across both periods, with the odds ratio increasing from 1.87 (95% credible interval [CrI], 1.23 to 2.85) in 2015-2019 to 2.33 (95% CrI, 1.55 to 3.64) in 2020-2024. No significant associations were observed between human Q fever and cattle populations.CONCLUSIONS: Goat populations are becoming more strongly spatially correlated with human Q fever incidence. 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