{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:09:34Z","timestamp":1780668574888,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]],"date-time":"2015-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427846400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n The literature generally describes the trachea as oriented toward the right and back, but there is very little detailed characterization. Therefore, the aim of this study was to precisely determine the spatial orientation and to better characterize the physical properties of the human trachea.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n \n We analyzed lung computed tomography scans of 68 intubated and mechanically ventilated subjects suffering from acute lung injury\/ARDS at airway pressures (P\n aw<\/jats:sub>\n ) of 5, 15, and 45 cm H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O. At each P\n aw<\/jats:sub>\n , the inner edge of the trachea from the subglottal space to the carina was captured. Tracheal length and diameter were measured. Tracheal orientation and compliance were estimated from processing barycenter and surface tracheal sections.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n \n Tracheal orientation at a P\n aw<\/jats:sub>\n of 5 cm H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O showed a 4.2 \u00b1 5.3\u00b0 angle toward the right and a 20.6 \u00b1 6.9\u00b0 angle downward toward the back, which decreased significantly while increasing P\n aw<\/jats:sub>\n (19.4 \u00b1 6.9\u00b0 at 15 cm H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O and 17.1 \u00b1 6.8\u00b0 at 45 cm H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). Tracheal compliance was 0.0113 \u00b1 0.0131 mL\/cm H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\/cm of trachea length from 5 to 15 cm H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O and 0.004 \u00b1 0.0041 mL\/cm H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O\/cm of trachea length from 15 to 45 cm H\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n O (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). Tracheal diameter was 19.6 \u00b1 3.4 mm on the medial-lateral axis and 21.0 \u00b1 4.3 mm on the sternal-vertebral axis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n The trachea is oriented downward toward the back at a 20.6 \u00b1 6.9\u00b0 angle and slightly toward the right at a 4.2 \u00b1 5.3\u00b0 angle. Understanding tracheal orientation may help in enhancing postural drainage and respiratory physiotherapy, and knowing the physical properties of the trachea may aid in endotracheal tube cuff design.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]],"date-time":"2014-12-10T00:24:01Z","timestamp":1418171041000},"page":"561-566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatial Orientation and Mechanical Properties of the Human Trachea: A Computed Tomography Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Alberto","family":"Zanella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universit\u00e0 di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo Nuovo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy."},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Cressoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy."},{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Ferlicca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universit\u00e0 di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo Nuovo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Chiurazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra","family":"Epp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Rovati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Chiumello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione (Intensiva e Subintensiva) e Terapia del Dolore, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Pesenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Universit\u00e0 di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo Nuovo dei Tintori, Monza, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Gattinoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy."},{"name":"Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione (Intensiva e Subintensiva) e Terapia del Dolore, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodor","family":"Kolobow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Anatomia umana","author":"Balboni GC","year":"1990","unstructured":"Balboni GC. Anatomia umana, 3rd edition. Milan: Edi.Ermes; 1990.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice","author":"Standring S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Standring S. Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice, 40th edition. New York: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008.","edition":"40"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000299741.32078.E9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000049943.01252.E5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2495-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31818f0e68"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa052052"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.149.3.7509706"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1614"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.19.2379"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia: role of positioning","volume":"17","author":"Li Bassi G","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li Bassi G, , Torres A. 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