{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:52:03Z","timestamp":1777891923581,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Respiratory therapists (RTs) and other health-care workers are potentially exposed to a variety of aerosolized medications. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Health and Safety Practices Survey of Healthcare Workers describes current exposure control practices and barriers to using personal protective equipment during administration of selected aerosolized medications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An anonymous, multi-module, web-based survey was conducted among members of health-care professional practice organizations representing RTs, nurses, and other health-care practitioners. A module on aerosolized medications included submodules for antibiotics (amikacin, colistin, and tobramycin), pentamidine, and ribavirin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The submodules on antibiotics, pentamidine, and ribavirin were completed by 321, 227, and 50 respondents, respectively, most of whom were RTs. The relatively low number of ribavirin respondents precluded meaningful interpretation of these data and may reflect the rare use of this drug. Consequently, analysis focused on pentamidine, classified by NIOSH as a hazardous drug, and the antibiotics amikacin, colistin, and tobramycin, which currently lack authoritative safe handling guidelines. Respondents who administered pentamidine were more likely to adhere to good work practices compared with those who administered the antibiotics. Examples included training received on safe handling procedures (75% vs 52%), availability of employer standard procedures (82% vs 55%), use of aerosol delivery devices equipped with an expiratory filter (96% vs 53%) or negative-pressure rooms (61% vs 20%), and always using respiratory protection (51% vs 13%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the availability of safe handling guidelines for pentamidine, implementation was not universal, placing workers, co-workers, and even family members at risk of exposure. Although the antibiotics included in this study lack authoritative safe handling guidelines, prudence dictates that appropriate exposure controls be used to minimize exposure to the antibiotics and other aerosolized medications. Employers and employees share responsibility for ensuring that precautionary measures are taken to keep exposures to all aerosolized medications as low as practicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]],"date-time":"2015-07-07T22:20:47Z","timestamp":1436307647000},"page":"1409-1417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Precautionary Practices of Respiratory Therapists and Other Health-Care Practitioners Who Administer Aerosolized Medications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Rebecca J","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James M","family":"Boiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea L","family":"Steege","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie H","family":"Sweeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Jost M Ahrens R Beaudouin L Eickmann U Falcy M R\u00fcegger M. Occupational risk prevention in aerosol therapy (pentamidine ribavirin). http:\/\/www.issa.int\/details?uuid=c3ca6ed0-8658-4859-884f-cbdd4c27fb65. Accessed February 17 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Administration of aerosol pentamidine: a program design","volume":"5","author":"O'Hara CM","year":"1994","unstructured":"O'Hara CM, , Anton WR, , Gormley FX, , Brazell C. Administration of aerosol pentamidine: a program design. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care, 1994; 5(2):41\u201348.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.20.3.166.34783"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1494"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/NS.23.Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2012.656090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.98.2.386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2012.660480"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/134.Supplement_1.S3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(77)90660-X"},{"issue":"8674","key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"1284","article-title":"Aerosolised pentamidine","volume":"2","author":"Green S","year":"1989","unstructured":"Green S, , Nathwani D, , Christie P, , Kennedy D. Aerosolised pentamidine. Lancet, 1989; 2(8674):1284\u20131285.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199604000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91095-T"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","first-page":"823","article-title":"Protecting hospital employees and visitors from aerosolized ribavirin","volume":"51","author":"Munzenberger PJ","year":"1994","unstructured":"Munzenberger PJ, , Walker PC. Protecting hospital employees and visitors from aerosolized ribavirin. Am J Hosp Pharm, 1994; 51(6):823\u2013826.","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","article-title":"Controlling occupational exposure to hazardous drugs","author":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Controlling occupational exposure to hazardous drugs. In: OSHA technical manual (OTM), TED1-015A, Section VI, Chapter 2. 1999.","journal-title":"OSHA technical manual (OTM)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109193251215"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199603000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.4.1048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-110-10-767"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/148.3.671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing occupational exposures to antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in health care setting. NIOSH Alert 2004 DHHS NIOSH Publication 2004-165."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"Risk assessment and hierarchy of control","volume":"50","author":"Manuele FA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Manuele FA. Risk assessment and hierarchy of control. Prof Safety, 2005; 50:33\u201339.","journal-title":"Prof Safety"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"Gardenhire DS Ari A Hess D Myers TR. A guide to aerosol delivery devices for respiratory therapists 3rd edition. http:\/\/www.aarc.org\/\/app\/uploads\/2014\/08\/aerosol_guide_rt.pdf. Accessed February 17 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp050529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.104.2.382"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22305"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Distinguishing public health research and public health nonresearch. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/od\/science\/integrity\/docs\/cdc-policy-distinguishing-public-health-research-nonresearch.pdf. Accessed February 17 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Hazard communication standard 29 CFR 19010.1200. https:\/\/www.osha.gov\/pls\/oshaweb\/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10099. Accessed February 17 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-199502000-00013"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.4187\/respcare.03817","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.03817","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.03817","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:13:57Z","timestamp":1777616037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.4187\/respcare.03817"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.4187\/respcare.03817"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.03817","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-1324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-1324","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,7]]}}}