{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T11:24:47Z","timestamp":1780399487960,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]],"date-time":"2016-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"\n BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n \n High-flow nasal cannula therapy (HFNC) is widely used for patients with acute respiratory failure. HFNC has a number of physiological effects. Although F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n is considered to be constant, because HFNC is an open system, F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n varies according to inspiratory flow, tidal volume (V\n T<\/jats:sub>\n ), and HFNC gas flow. We investigated the influence of HFNC gas flow and other respiratory parameters on F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n during HFNC.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n \n We evaluated an HFNC system and, for comparison, a conventional oxygen therapy system. The HFNC apparatus was composed of an air\/oxygen blender, a heated humidifier, an inspiratory limb, and small, medium, and large nasal prongs. HFNC gas flow was set at 20, 40, and 60 L\/min, and F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n was set at 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7. We measured F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n for 1-min intervals using an oxygen analyzer and extracted data for the final 3 breaths of each interval. Spontaneous breathing was simulated using a mechanical ventilator connected to the muscle compartment of a model lung. The lung compartment passively moved with the muscle compartment, thus inspiring ambient air via a ventilator limb. With a decelerating flow waveform, simulated V\n T<\/jats:sub>\n was set at 300, 500, and 700 mL, breathing frequency at 10 and 20 breaths\/min, and inspiratory time at 1.0 s.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n \n With HFNC gas flow of 20 and 40 L\/min, at all set F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n values, inspiratory oxygen concentration varied with V\n T<\/jats:sub>\n (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). As the set value for F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n increased, the difference between set F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n and measured F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n increased. Neither breathing frequency nor prong size influenced F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n \n During HFNC with simulated spontaneous breathing, when HFNC gas flow was 60 L\/min, measured F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n was similar to set F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n at 0.3 and 0.5, whereas at 0.7, as V\n T<\/jats:sub>\n increased, measured F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n decreased slightly. However, at 20 or 40 L\/min, changes in V\n T<\/jats:sub>\n related with deviation from set F\n \n IO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n <\/jats:sub>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04963","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]],"date-time":"2016-11-22T21:50:38Z","timestamp":1479851438000},"page":"193-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["F\n \n IO\n 2<\/sub>\n <\/sub>\n in an Adult Model Simulating High-Flow Nasal Cannula Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Chikata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Equipment Center, Tokushima University Hospital, 2-50-1 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutsuo","family":"Onodera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Oto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaji","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002013240204700618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-226OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.10550453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.04577"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"836","article-title":"High flow nasal oxygen in acute respiratory failure","volume":"78","author":"Ricard JD","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ricard JD. High flow nasal oxygen in acute respiratory failure. Minerva Anestesiol, 2012; 78(7):836\u2013841.","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.21326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep280"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02358"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"1344","article-title":"Comparison of three high flow oxygen therapy delivery devices: a clinical physiological cross-over study","volume":"79","author":"Chanques G","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chanques G, , Riboulet F, , Molinari N, , Carr J, , Jung B, , Prades A, et al. Comparison of three high flow oxygen therapy delivery devices: a clinical physiological cross-over study. Minerva Anestesiol, 2013; 79(12):1344\u20131355.","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1503326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05500604"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1103900620"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201402-0364OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.02932"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.4187\/respcare.04963","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.04963","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.04963","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T08:56:50Z","timestamp":1775465810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.4187\/respcare.04963"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.4187\/respcare.04963"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.04963","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-1324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-1324","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,22]]}}}