{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T02:42:08Z","timestamp":1787107328044,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":8,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496102400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neonatal respiratory distress results in &gt; 1 million annual deaths worldwide. Bubble CPAP is a simple, effective, and widely used therapy for infants in respiratory distress. In low-resource settings, more advanced respiratory support is limited by cost, technical expertise, and sporadic electricity. We sought to develop a safe, inexpensive, and simple solution to provide further respiratory support for these infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A standard bubble CPAP system was modified to provide 2 levels of positive airway pressure (bi-level positive airway pressure) by attaching a novel device. To demonstrate reliability, the system was run with continuous pressure monitoring on full-term and preterm neonatal mannikins with pressure targets of 8\/5 cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O and 15\/5 cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O to simulate 2 different modes of noninvasive ventilation (NIV).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At a ventilation rate set between 30 and 45 cycles\/min, by adjusting the leak rate of the device, the following mean pressures \u00b1 SD were demonstrated: term mannikin low-pressure NIV, 7.9 \u00b1 0.2\/5.3 \u00b1 0.2 cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O; term mannikin high-pressure NIV, 15.1 \u00b1 0.1\/6.1 \u00b1 0.1 cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O; preterm mannikin low-pressure NIV, 7.9 \u00b1 0.2\/5.3 \u00b1 0.2 cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O; preterm mannikin high-pressure NIV, 16.5 \u00b1 0.4\/5.1 \u00b1 0.1 cm H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The modified bubble CPAP system reliably provided alternating pressures similar to bi-level positive airway pressure modes of respiratory support in neonatal mannikins. The dual-pressure technology is a simple, single connection add-on that can readily be applied to existing bubble CPAP systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.05443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]],"date-time":"2017-05-30T20:20:17Z","timestamp":1496175617000},"page":"1131-1136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Development and Testing of a Bubble Bi-Level Positive Airway Pressure System"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Stephen C","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nickolas D","family":"Habben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoa T","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Therapists Without Borders, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil P","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CS Mott Children's Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter A","family":"Gustafson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71048-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305519"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.10.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1465328110Y.0000000001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.03438"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905513Y.0000000102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086327"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000013962"}],"container-title":["Respiratory Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.4187\/respcare.05443","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.05443","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.4187\/respcare.05443","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T08:55:41Z","timestamp":1775465741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.4187\/respcare.05443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]]},"references-count":8,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.4187\/respcare.05443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.05443","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-1324"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-1324","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,30]]}}}