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Endobronchial ultrasound can be combined with transbronchial needle aspiration, and, similarly, endoscopic ultrasound can be combined with fine-needle aspiration to sample virtually all mediastinal nodal stations from the airways and the esophagus. Endobronchial ultrasound\u2013transbronchial needle aspiration and endoscopic ultrasound\u2013fine needle aspiration showed a complementary diagnostic yield, and, recently, endoscopic ultrasound with bronchoscope was introduced in clinical practice to perform a transesophageal needle aspiration by using an ultrasound bronchoscope. This technique allows a single operator to perform both transbronchial and transesophageal needle sampling with the same instrument during a single bronchoscopic procedure. Mediastinal staging impacts the management of patients affected by lung cancer, and the most recent guidelines clearly state that endobronchial ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound should be the initial tissue sampling procedure over surgical staging. In addition, endoscopic ultrasound techniques demonstrated an excellent yield in diagnosing lymphoma and benign diseases, for example, sarcoidosis. The aim of this review was to discuss the current role and future perspectives of endosonography techniques available for the evaluation of the mediastinum. Special emphasis was placed on equipment and technical aspects, the diagnostic role, and future directions of development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T09:35:13Z","timestamp":1533029713000},"page":"1421-1438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Ultrasonography of the Mediastinum: Techniques, Current Practice, and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Leonello","family":"Fuso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS Roma, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy."},{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Semplice di Endoscopia Bronchiale Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS Roma, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Varone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS Roma, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy."},{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Semplice di Endoscopia Bronchiale Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS Roma, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Magnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS Roma, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy."},{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Semplice di Endoscopia Bronchiale Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS Roma, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariarosaria","family":"Calvello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS Roma, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erminia","family":"Lo Greco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS Roma, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Richeldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e0 Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Fondazione Policlinico A Gemelli IRCCS Roma, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Italy."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"E311","article-title":"Ultrasound techniques in the evaluation of the mediastinum, part I: endoscopic ultrasound (EUS), endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and transcutaneous mediastinal ultrasound (TMUS), introduction into ultrasound techniques","volume":"7","author":"Dietrich CF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dietrich CF, , Annema JT, , Clementsen P, , Cui XW, , Borst MM, , Jenssen C. 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