{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:13:30Z","timestamp":1789568010202,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Respir Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In actuality, it is difficult to obtain an early prognostic stratification for patients with acute respiratory failure treated with noninvasive ventilation (NIV). We tested whether an early evaluation through a predictive scoring system could identify subjects at risk of in-hospital mortality or NIV failure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a retrospective study, which included all the subjects with acute respiratory failure who required NIV admitted to an emergency department\u2013high-dependence observation unit between January 2014 and December 2017. The HACOR (heart rate, acidosis [by using pH], consciousness [by using the Glasgow coma scale], oxygenation [by using\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msub>\n                              <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">P<\/mml:mtext>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:msub>\n                                  <mml:mrow>\n                                    <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">aO<\/mml:mtext>\n                                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                                  <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">2<\/mml:mtext>\n                                <\/mml:msub>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msub>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:msub>\n                              <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">F<\/mml:mtext>\n                              <mml:mrow>\n                                <mml:msub>\n                                  <mml:mrow>\n                                    <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">IO<\/mml:mtext>\n                                  <\/mml:mrow>\n                                  <mml:mtext mathvariant=\"bold\">2<\/mml:mtext>\n                                <\/mml:msub>\n                              <\/mml:mrow>\n                            <\/mml:msub>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      ], respiratory rate) score was calculated before the NIV initiation (T0) and after 1 h (T1) and 24 h (T24) of treatment. The primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and NIV failure, defined as the need for invasive ventilation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study population included 644 subjects, 463 with hypercapnic respiratory failure and an overall in-hospital mortality of 23%. Thirty-six percent of all the subjects had NIV as the \u201cceiling\u201d treatment. At all the evaluations, nonsurvivors had a higher mean \u00b1 SD HACOR score than did the survivors (T0, 8.2 \u00b1 4.9 vs 6.1 \u00b1 4.0; T1, 6.6 \u00b1 4.8 vs 3.8 \u00b1 3.4; T24, 5.3 \u00b1 4.5 vs 2.0 \u00b1 2.3 [all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001]). These data were confirmed after the exclusion of the subjects who underwent NIV as the ceiling treatment (T0, 8.2 \u00b1 4.9 vs 6.1 \u00b1 4.0 [\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .002]; T1, 6.6 \u00b1 4.8 vs 3.8 \u00b1 3.4; T24, 5.3 \u00b1 4.5 vs 2.0 \u00b1 3.2 [all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001]). At T24, an HACOR score &gt; 5 (Relative Risk [RR] 2.39, 95% CI 1.60\u20133.56) was associated with an increased mortality rate, independent of age and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the subjects treated with NIV for acute respiratory failure, the HACOR score seemed to be a useful tool to identify those at risk of in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.07464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T17:15:24Z","timestamp":1598375724000},"page":"1847-1856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prediction of Mortality With the Use of Noninvasive Ventilation for Acute Respiratory Failure"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Innocenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Gualtieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Gandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Taurino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Nesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Gigli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Becucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Dependency Unit, Department of Clinical and 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